Abstract
High-level visual cortex in humans includes functionally defined regions that preferentially respond to objects, faces and places. It is unknown how these regions develop and whether their development relates to recognition memory. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the development of several functionally defined regions including object (lateral occipital complex, LOC)-, face ('fusiform face area', FFA; superior temporal sulcus, STS)- and place ('parahippocampal place area', PPA)-selective cortices in children (ages 7–11), adolescents (12–16) and adults. Right FFA and left PPA volumes were substantially larger in adults than in children. This development occurred by expansion of FFA and PPA into surrounding cortex and was correlated with improved recognition memory for faces and places, respectively. In contrast, LOC and STS volumes and object-recognition memory remained constant across ages. Thus, the ventral stream undergoes a prolonged maturation that varies temporally across functional regions, is determined by brain region rather than stimulus category, and is correlated with the development of category-specific recognition memory.
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Acknowledgements
Thanks to A. Greenwood, G. Glover, P. Mazaika, C. Rorden and B. Wandel for useful suggestions, to S. Dean and L. Wood for help with scanning and behavioral tests, and to the participants in our experiments. This work was supported by US National Institutes of Health grants 5R21DA15893, 1R21MH66747, 1R21EY017741, T32 MH19908 and National Science Foundation grant BCS-0617688.
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G.G., D.G.G., J.D.E.G. and K.G.-S. participated in all phases of this study. G.G. participated in designing the experiments, conducting fMRI and behavioral experiments, analyzing the data and preparing the manuscript. D.G.G. developed code for fMRI experiments and data analyses, helped with data collection and analysis and contributed to the manuscript. S.W.-G. contributed to code and data analyses. J.L.E. and A.R. contributed to the study design and the manuscript. K.G.-S. and J.D.E.G. supervised the study and contributed to experimental design, data collection and analysis, and the manuscript.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Fig. 1
Analysis of shape-preserved ROIs. (PDF 107 kb)
Supplementary Table 1
Between-group comparison of noise-related measures, including total motion during the scan, BOLD-fluctuations during baseline (%cv-BOLD) and goodness of GLM fit (%Res) within the anatomical boundaries of the right (R_mGF) and left (L_mGF) midfusiform gyrus. (PDF 81 kb)
Supplementary Table 2
Analysis of BOLD-related noise (%cv_BOLD) and goodness of GLM fit (%Res) within the anatomical boundaries of the right (R_PHG) and left (L_PHG) parahippocampal gyrus. (PDF 85 kb)
Supplementary Note 1
Analysis of BOLD-related confounds across age groups. (PDF 100 kb)
Supplementary Note 2
Recognition memory for faces, objects and places. (PDF 63 kb)
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Golarai, G., Ghahremani, D., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S. et al. Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory. Nat Neurosci 10, 512–522 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1865
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1865
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