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Getting the measure of biodiversity

Abstract

The term ‘biodiversity’ is a simple contraction of ‘biological diversity’, and at first sight the concept is simple too: biodiversity is the sum total of all biotic variation from the level of genes to ecosystems. The challenge comes in measuring such a broad concept in ways that are useful. We show that, although biodiversity can never be fully captured by a single number, study of particular facets has led to rapid, exciting and sometimes alarming discoveries. Phylogenetic and temporal analyses are shedding light on the ecological and evolutionary processes that have shaped current biodiversity. There is no doubt that humans are now destroying this diversity at an alarming rate. A vital question now being tackled is how badly this loss affects ecosystem functioning. Although current research efforts are impressive, they are tiny in comparison to the amount of unknown diversity and the urgency and importance of the task.

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Figure 1: Two samples of insects from different locations, illustrating two of the many different measures of diversity: species richness and species evenness.
Figure 2: Taxonomic boundaries are not comparable among major groups.
Figure 3: Subtaxa within taxa are often distributed unevenly.
Figure 4: Species richness in major groups of organisms.

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Acknowledgements

We thank T. Barraclough, C. Godfray, R. Grenyer, P. Harvey, C. Humphries, N. Isaac, G. Mace, A. Minns, B. Schmid and R. Vane-Wright for discussion and comments, and NERC and the EC BIODEPTH project for support.

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Purvis, A., Hector, A. Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature 405, 212–219 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35012221

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