Abstract
The orientation of the mitotic spindle relative to the cell axis determines whether polarized cells undergo symmetric or asymmetric divisions. Drosophila epithelial cells and neuroblasts provide an ideal pair of cells to study the regulatory mechanisms involved. Epithelial cells divide symmetrically, perpendicular to the apical–basal axis. In the asymmetric divisions of neuroblasts, by contrast, the spindle reorients parallel to that axis, leading to the unequal distribution of cell-fate determinants to one daughter cell1. Receptor-independent G-protein signalling involving the GoLoco protein Pins is essential for spindle orientation in both cell types2. Here, we identify Mushroom body defect (Mud)3 as a downstream effector in this pathway. Mud directly associates and colocalizes with Pins at the cell cortex overlying the spindle pole(s) in both neuroblasts and epithelial cells. The cortical Mud protein is essential for proper spindle orientation in the two different division modes. Moreover, Mud localizes to centrosomes during mitosis independently of Pins to regulate centrosomal organization. We propose that Drosophila Mud, vertebrate NuMA4 and Caenorhabditis elegans Lin-5 (refs 5, 6) have conserved roles in the mechanism by which G-proteins regulate the mitotic spindle.
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Acknowledgements
We thank F. Yu, W. Chia, J. Knoblich and Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank and the Bloomington Stock Center for providing flies and antibodies. We also thank N. Fuse, W. Moon, H. Ogawa, A. Nakamura, T. Issiki, F. Yu and W. Chia for discussions and comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by CREST (Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology) for the Japan Science and Technology Corporation and a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ra561/5-2). Y. I. is supported by a Special Postdoctoral Research Program of RIKEN.
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Izumi, Y., Ohta, N., Hisata, K. et al. Drosophila Pins-binding protein Mud regulates spindle-polarity coupling and centrosome organization. Nat Cell Biol 8, 586–593 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1409
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1409
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