Original InvestigationPathogenesis and Treatment of Kidney DiseasePeriodontal Disease and Other Nontraditional Risk Factors for CKD
Section snippets
Study Population
This cross-sectional study was deemed exempt by the institutional review board, and all investigators complied with the Data Use Restrictions for the NHANES III public-use data set collected by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NHANES III, 1988-1994, is a complex, multistage, stratified, clustered sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized US population representative of the US population. NHANES includes questionnaire, laboratory-assay, and
Overall Descriptive Summary
Table 1 presents important characteristics of the study population and their unadjusted association with CKD. Overall, 3.6% of the study population had CKD, 6.0% had periodontal disease, 10.5% were edentulous, 23.5% were hypertensive, and 36.4% were obese. The univariable models reported in Table 1 are similar to the typical approach that reports a single risk factor without adjusting for potential confounders. For example, an adult with the nontraditional risk factor edentulism was over 10
Discussion
In our US population-based study, periodontal disease and edentulism, as well as the nontraditional risk factors that included having an annual physician visit and being hospitalized in the past year, were independently associated with CKD after simultaneously adjusting for the following traditional risk factors: age, race/ethnicity, gender, smoking status, income, hypertension, macroalbuminuria, total cholesterol level, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Our univariable unadjusted
Acknowledgements
Support: This study was supported by grants DE016031-03 and DE016031-04 from the National Institutes of Health.
Financial Disclosure: None.
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This work was done at Case Western Reserve University.