Z Gastroenterol 2007; 45(6): 487-523
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-963224
Leitlinie

© Karl Demeter Verlag im Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

S3-Leitlinie „Exokrines Pankreaskarzinom” 2007

Ergebnis einer evidenzbasierten Konsensuskonferenz (13. - 14.10.2006)S3-Guidelines “Exocrine pancreatic cancer” 2007G. Adler, T. Seufferlein, S. C. Bischoff, H.-J Brambs, S. Feuerbach, G. Grabenbauer, S. Hahn, V. Heinemann, W. Hohenberger, J. M. Langrehr, M. P. Lutz, O. Micke, H. Neuhaus, P. Neuhaus, H. Oettle, P. M. Schlag, R. Schmid, W. Schmiegel, K. Schlottmann, J. Werner, B. Wiedenmann, I. Kopp
Further Information

Publication History

Manuskript eingetroffen: 2.5.2007

Manuskript akzeptiert: 9.5.2007

Publication Date:
03 July 2007 (online)

Im Auftrag der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft (DKG).

In Zusammenarbeit mit der/dem

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Radiologische Onkologie der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft (ARO) Arbeitskreis der Pankreatektomierten e. V. Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie (DGCH) Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und Onkologie (DGHO) Deutschen Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pathologie (DGP) Deutschen Gesellschaft für Radioonkologie (DEGRO) Deutschen Gesellschaft für Viszeralchirurgie (CAO-V)/Chirurgischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Onkologie (CAO-V) Deutschen Röntgengesellschaft (DRG) Deutschen Vereinten Gesellschaft für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin (DGKL)

Leitung: G. Adler, T. Seufferlein, I. Kopp

Literatur

  • 1 Glade M J. Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997.  Nutrition. 1999;  15 523-526
  • 2 Fernandez E, La Vecchia C, Decarli A. Attributable risks for pancreatic cancer in northern Italy.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;  5 23-27
  • 3 Ji B T, Chow W H, Gridley G. et al . Dietary factors and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a case-control study in Shanghai China.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995;  4 885-893
  • 4 Soler M, Chatenoud L, La Vecchia C. et al . Diet, alcohol, coffee and pancreatic cancer: final results from an Italian study.  Eur J Cancer Prev. 1998;  7 455-460
  • 5 Nkondjock A, Krewski D, Johnson K C. et al . Dietary patterns and risk of pancreatic cancer.  Int J Cancer. 2005;  114 817-823
  • 6 Nothlings U, Wilkens L R, Murphy S P. et al . Meat and fat intake as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the multiethnic cohort study.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;  97 1458-1465
  • 7 Michaud D S, Giovannucci E, Willett W C. et al . Dietary meat, dairy products, fat, and cholesterol and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective study.  Am J Epidemiol. 2003;  157 1115-1125
  • 8 Michaud D S, Skinner H G, Wu K. et al . Dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer risk in men and women.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;  97 518-524
  • 9 Hine R J, Srivastava S, Milner J A. et al . Nutritional links to plausible mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer: a conference report.  Pancreas. 2003;  27 356-366
  • 10 Bueno de Mesquita H B, Maisonneuve P, Runia S. et al . Intake of foods and nutrients and cancer of the exocrine pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands.  Int J Cancer. 1991;  48 540-549
  • 11 Lyon J L, Slattery M L, Mahoney A W. et al . Dietary intake as a risk factor for cancer of the exocrine pancreas.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1993;  2 513-518
  • 12 Fraser G E. Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;  70 532S-538S
  • 13 Mills P K, Beeson W L, Abbey D E. et al . Dietary habits and past medical history as related to fatal pancreas cancer risk among Adventists.  Cancer. 1988;  61 2578-2585
  • 14 Chan J M, Wang F, Holly E A. Vegetable and fruit intake and pancreatic cancer in a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco bay area.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;  14 2093-2097
  • 15 Negri E, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S. et al . Vegetable and fruit consumption and cancer risk.  Int J Cancer. 1991;  48 350-354
  • 16 Larsson S C, Hakansson N, Naslund I. et al . Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer risk: a prospective study.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;  15 301-305
  • 17 Vainio H, Weiderpass E. Fruit and vegetables in cancer prevention.  Nutr Cancer. 2006;  54 111-142
  • 18 Lin Y, Tamakoshi A, Hayakawa T. et al . Nutritional factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: a population-based case-control study based on direct interview in Japan.  J Gastroenterol. 2005;  40 297-301
  • 19 Stolzenberg-Solomon R Z, Pietinen P, Taylor P R. et al . Prospective study of diet and pancreatic cancer in male smokers.  Am J Epidemiol. 2002;  155 783-792
  • 20 Zhang J, Zhao Z, Berkel H J. Animal fat consumption and pancreatic cancer incidence: evidence of interaction with cigarette smoking.  Ann Epidemiol. 2005;  15 500-508
  • 21 Anderson K E, Sinha R, Kulldorff M. et al . Meat intake and cooking techniques: associations with pancreatic cancer.  Mutat Res. 2002;  506 - 507 225-231
  • 22 Anderson K E, Kadlubar F F, Kulldorff M. et al . Dietary intake of heterocyclic amines and benzo(a)pyrene: associations with pancreatic cancer.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;  14 2261-2265
  • 23 Ghadirian P, Baillargeon J, Simard A. et al . Food habits and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study of the Francophone community in Montreal, Canada.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995;  4 895-899
  • 24 Fernandez E, Chatenoud L, La Vecchia C. et al . Fish consumption and cancer risk.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;  70 85-90
  • 25 Michaud D S, Liu S, Giovannucci E. et al . Dietary sugar, glycemic load, and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective study.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;  94 1293-1300
  • 26 Silvera S A, Rohan T E, Jain M. et al . Glycemic index, glycemic load, and pancreatic cancer risk (Canada).  Cancer Causes Control. 2005;  16 431-436
  • 27 Schernhammer E S, Hu F B, Giovannucci E. et al . Sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective cohorts.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;  14 2098-2105
  • 28 Lin Y, Tamakoshi A, Kawamura T. et al . Risk of pancreatic cancer in relation to alcohol drinking, coffee consumption and medical history: findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study for evaluation of cancer risk.  Int J Cancer. 2002;  99 742-746
  • 29 Michaud D S, Giovannucci E, Willett W C. et al . Coffee and alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective United States cohorts.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;  10 429-437
  • 30 Silverman D T. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: a case-control study based on direct interviews.  Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 2001;  21 7-25
  • 31 Brown L M. Epidemiology of alcohol-associated cancers.  Alcohol. 2005;  35 161-168
  • 32 Ye W, Lagergren J, Weiderpass E. et al . Alcohol abuse and the risk of pancreatic cancer.  Gut. 2002;  51 236-239
  • 33 Talamini G, Bassi C, Falconi M. et al . Alcohol and smoking as risk factors in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.  Dig Dis Sci. 1999;  44 1303-1311
  • 34 MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D. et al . Coffee and cancer of the pancreas.  N Engl J Med. 1981;  304 630-633
  • 35 Gullo L, Pezzilli R, Morselli-Labate A M. Coffee and cancer of the pancreas: an Italian multicenter study. The Italian Pancreatic Cancer Study Group.  Pancreas. 1995;  11 223-229
  • 36 Lyon J L, Mahoney A W, French T K. et al . Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer of the exocrine pancreas: a case-control study in a low-risk population.  Epidemiology. 1992;  3 164-170
  • 37 Harnack L J, Anderson K E, Zheng W. et al . Smoking, alcohol, coffee, and tea intake and incidence of cancer of the exocrine pancreas: the Iowa Women’s Health Study.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;  6 1081-1086
  • 38 Qiu D, Kurosawa M, Lin Y. et al . Overview of the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer focusing on the JACC Study.  J Epidemiol. 2005;  15 (Suppl 2) S157-167
  • 39 Tavani A, La Vecchia C. Coffee and cancer: a review of epidemiological studies, 1990 - 1999.  Eur J Cancer Prev. 2000;  9 241-256
  • 40 La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S. et al . Tea consumption and cancer risk.  Nutr Cancer. 1992;  17 27-31
  • 41 Nagano J, Kono S, Preston D L. et al . A prospective study of green tea consumption and cancer incidence, Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan).  Cancer Causes Control. 2001;  12 501-508
  • 42 Hemminki K, Dong C, Vaittinen P. Cancer risks to spouses and offspring in the Family-Cancer Database.  Genet Epidemiol. 2001;  20 247-257
  • 43 Hemminki K, Jiang Y. Cancer risks among long-standing spouses.  Br J Cancer. 2002;  86 1737-1740
  • 44 Nilsen T I, Vatten L J. A prospective study of lifestyle factors and the risk of pancreatic cancer in Nord-Trondelag, Norway.  Cancer Causes Control. 2000;  11 645-652
  • 45 Berrington de Gonzalez A, Sweetland S, Spencer E. A meta-analysis of obesity and the risk of pancreatic cancer.  Br J Cancer. 2003;  89 519-523
  • 46 Michaud D S, Giovannucci E, Willett W C. et al . Physical activity, obesity, height, and the risk of pancreatic cancer.  Jama. 2001;  286 921-929
  • 47 Patel A V, Rodriguez C, Bernstein L. et al . Obesity, recreational physical activity, and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large U.S. Cohort.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;  14 459-466
  • 48 Rapp K, Schroeder J, Klenk J. et al . Obesity and incidence of cancer: a large cohort study of over 145,000 adults in Austria.  Br J Cancer. 2005;  93 1062-1067
  • 49 Larsson S C, Permert J, Hakansson N. et al . Overall obesity, abdominal adiposity, diabetes and cigarette smoking in relation to the risk of pancreatic cancer in two Swedish population-based cohorts.  Br J Cancer. 2005;  93 1310-1315
  • 50 Berrington de Gonzalez A, Spencer E A, Bueno-de-Mesquita H B. et al . Anthropometry, physical activity, and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;  15 879-885
  • 51 Silverman D T, Swanson C A, Gridley G. et al . Dietary and nutritional factors and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study based on direct interviews.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;  90 1710-1719
  • 52 Stolzenberg-Solomon R Z, Pietinen P, Taylor P R. et al . A prospective study of medical conditions, anthropometry, physical activity, and pancreatic cancer in male smokers (Finland).  Cancer Causes Control. 2002;  13 417-426
  • 53 Hanley A J, Johnson K C, Villeneuve P J. et al . Physical activity, anthropometric factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian enhanced cancer surveillance system.  Int J Cancer. 2001;  94 140-147
  • 54 Coughlin S S, Calle E E, Patel A V. et al . Predictors of pancreatic cancer mortality among a large cohort of United States adults.  Cancer Causes Control. 2000;  11 915-923
  • 55 Lin Y, Tamakoshi A, Kawamura T. et al . A prospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer in Japan.  Cancer Causes Control. 2002;  13 249-254
  • 56 Yun Y H, Jung K W, Bae J M. et al . Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study.  Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;  29 15-24
  • 57 Chiu B C, Lynch C F, Cerhan J R. et al . Cigarette smoking and risk of bladder, pancreas, kidney, and colorectal cancers in Iowa.  Ann Epidemiol. 2001;  11 28-37
  • 58 Bonelli L, Aste H, Bovo P. et al . Exocrine pancreatic cancer, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus: a case-control study in northern Italy.  Pancreas. 2003;  27 143-149
  • 59 Duell E J, Holly E A, Bracci P M. et al . A population-based, case-control study of polymorphisms in carcinogen-metabolizing genes, smoking, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma risk.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;  94 297-306
  • 60 Miyasaka K, Kawanami T, Shimokata H. et al . Inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 increased the risk of pancreatic cancer among smokers in a Japanese male population.  Pancreas. 2005;  30 95-98
  • 61 Wang L, Miao X, Tan W. et al . Genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and risk of pancreatic cancer.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;  3 743-751
  • 62 Villeneuve P J, Johnson K C, Mao Y. et al . Environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of pancreatic cancer: findings from a Canadian population-based case-control study.  Can J Public Health. 2004;  95 32-37
  • 63 Alguacil J, Pollan M, Gustavsson P. Occupations with increased risk of pancreatic cancer in the Swedish population.  Occup Environ Med. 2003;  60 570-576
  • 64 Alguacil J, Porta M, Benavides F G. et al . Occupation and pancreatic cancer in Spain: a case-control study based on job titles. PANKRAS II Study Group.  Int J Epidemiol. 2000;  29 1004-1013
  • 65 Laakkonen A, Kauppinen T, Pukkala E. Cancer risk among Finnish food industry workers.  Int J Cancer. 2006;  118 2567-2571
  • 66 Fryzek J P, Garabrant D H, Harlow S D. et al . A case-control study of self-reported exposures to pesticides and pancreas cancer in southeastern Michigan.  Int J Cancer. 1997;  72 62-67
  • 67 Ji B T, Silverman D T, Stewart P A. et al . Occupational exposure to pesticides and pancreatic cancer.  Am J Ind Med. 2001;  39 92-99
  • 68 Ojajarvi I A, Partanen T J, Ahlbom A. et al . Occupational exposures and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis.  Occup Environ Med. 2000;  57 316-324
  • 69 Ojajarvi A, Partanen T, Ahlbom A. et al . Risk of pancreatic cancer in workers exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents and related compounds: a meta-analysis.  Am J Epidemiol. 2001;  153 841-850
  • 70 Weiderpass E, Vainio H, Kauppinen T. et al . Occupational exposures and gastrointestinal cancers among Finnish women.  J Occup Environ Med. 2003;  45 305-315
  • 71 Yassi A, Tate R B, Routledge M. Cancer incidence and mortality in workers employed at a transformer manufacturing plant: update to a cohort study.  Am J Ind Med. 2003;  44 58-62
  • 72 Ji J, Hemminki K. Socioeconomic and occupational risk factors for pancreatic cancer: a cohort study in Sweden.  J Occup Environ Med. 2006;  48 283-288
  • 73 Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti R G. et al . Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Lancet. 2004;  364 1219-1228
  • 74 Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti R G. et al . Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004183. 2004; 
  • 75 Harris R E, Beebe-Donk J, Doss H. et al . Aspirin, ibuprofen, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer prevention: a critical review of non-selective COX-2 blockade (review).  Oncol Rep. 2005;  13 559-583
  • 76 Jacobs E J, Connell C J, Rodriguez C. et al . Aspirin use and pancreatic cancer mortality in a large United States cohort.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;  96 524-528
  • 77 Coogan P F, Rosenberg L, Palmer J R. et al . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of digestive cancers at sites other than the large bowel.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;  9 119-123
  • 78 Homma T, Tsuchiya R. The study of the mass screening of persons without symptoms and of the screening of outpatients with gastrointestinal complaints or icterus for pancreatic cancer in Japan, using CA 19-9 and elastase-1 or ultrasonography.  Int J Pancreatol. 1991;  9 119-124
  • 79 Kim J E, Lee K T, Lee J K. et al . Clinical usefulness of carbohydrate antigen 19 - 9 as a screening test for pancreatic cancer in an asymptomatic population.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  19 182-186
  • 80 McWilliams R R, Rabe K G, Olswold C. et al . Risk of malignancy in first-degree relatives of patients with pancreatic carcinoma.  Cancer. 2005;  104 388-394
  • 81 Klein A P, Brune K A, Petersen G M. et al . Prospective risk of pancreatic cancer in familial pancreatic cancer kindreds.  Cancer Res. 2004;  64 2634-2638
  • 82 Bartsch D K, Sina-Frey M, Lang S. et al . CDKN2A germline mutations in familial pancreatic cancer.  Ann Surg. 2002;  236 730-737
  • 83 McFaul C D, Greenhalf W, Earl J. et al . Anticipation in familial pancreatic cancer.  Gut. 2006;  55 252-258
  • 84 Tersmette A C, Petersen G M, Offerhaus G J. et al . Increased risk of incident pancreatic cancer among first-degree relatives of patients with familial pancreatic cancer.  Clin Cancer Res. 2001;  7 738-744
  • 85 Brentnall T A. Management strategies for patients with hereditary pancreatic cancer.  Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2005;  6 437-445
  • 86 Canto M I, Goggins M, Yeo C J. et al . Screening for pancreatic neoplasia in high-risk individuals: an EUS-based approach.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  2 606-621
  • 87 Canto M I, Goggins M, Hruban R H. et al . Screening for early pancreatic neoplasia in high-risk individuals: a prospective controlled study.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;  4 766-781; quiz 665
  • 88 Giardiello F M, Brensinger J D, Tersmette A C. et al . Very high risk of cancer in familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.  Gastroenterology. 2000;  119 1447-1453
  • 89 Lim W, Olschwang S, Keller J J. et al . Relative frequency and morphology of cancers in STK11 mutation carriers.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1788-1794
  • 90 Lynch H T, Brand R E, Hogg D. et al . Phenotypic variation in eight extended CDKN2A germline mutation familial atypical multiple mole melanoma-pancreatic carcinoma-prone families: the familial atypical mole melanoma-pancreatic carcinoma syndrome.  Cancer. 2002;  94 84-96
  • 91 Rulyak S J, Brentnall T A, Lynch H T. et al . Characterization of the neoplastic phenotype in the familial atypical multiple-mole melanoma-pancreatic carcinoma syndrome.  Cancer. 2003;  98 798-804
  • 92 Vasen H F, Gruis N A, Frants R R. et al . Risk of developing pancreatic cancer in families with familial atypical multiple mole melanoma associated with a specific 19 deletion of p16 (p16-Leiden).  Int J Cancer. 2000;  87 809-811
  • 93 Friedenson B. BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathways and the risk of cancers other than breast or ovarian.  MedGenMed. 2005;  7 60
  • 94 Asperen C J van, Brohet R M, Meijers-Heijboer E J. et al . Cancer risks in BRCA2 families: estimates for sites other than breast and ovary.  J Med Genet. 2005;  42 711-719
  • 95 Thompson D, Easton D F. Cancer Incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;  94 1358-1365
  • 96 Lilley M, Gilchrist D. The hereditary spectrum of pancreatic cancer: the Edmonton experience.  Can J Gastroenterol. 2004;  18 17-21
  • 97 Aarnio M, Sankila R, Pukkala E. et al . Cancer risk in mutation carriers of DNA-mismatch-repair genes.  Int J Cancer. 1999;  81 214-218
  • 98 Geoffroy-Perez B, Janin N, Ossian K. et al . Cancer risk in heterozygotes for ataxia-telangiectasia.  Int J Cancer. 2001;  93 288-293
  • 99 Giardiello F M, Offerhaus G J, Lee D H. et al . Increased risk of thyroid and pancreatic carcinoma in familial adenomatous polyposis.  Gut. 1993;  34 1394-1396
  • 100 Couch F J, Johnson M R, Rabe K. et al . Germ line Fanconi anemia complementation group C mutations and pancreatic cancer.  Cancer Res. 2005;  65 383-386
  • 101 Howes N, Lerch M M, Greenhalf W. et al . Clinical and genetic characteristics of hereditary pancreatitis in Europe.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  2 252-261
  • 102 Lowenfels A B, Maisonneuve P, DiMagno E P. et al . Hereditary pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Hereditary Pancreatitis Study Group.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;  89 442-446
  • 103 Kimmey M B, Bronner M P, Byrd D R. et al . Screening and surveillance for hereditary pancreatic cancer.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  56 S82-86
  • 104 Bansal P, Sonnenberg A. Pancreatitis is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer.  Gastroenterology. 1995;  109 247-251
  • 105 Karlson B M, Ekbom A, Josefsson S. et al . The risk of pancreatic cancer following pancreatitis: an association due to confounding?.  Gastroenterology. 1997;  113 587-592
  • 106 Lowenfels A B, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G. et al . Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Pancreatitis Study Group.  N Engl J Med. 1993;  328 1433-1437
  • 107 Malka D, Hammel P, Maire F. et al . Risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in chronic pancreatitis.  Gut. 2002;  51 849-852
  • 108 Talamini G, Falconi M, Bassi C. et al . Incidence of cancer in the course of chronic pancreatitis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;  94 1253-1260
  • 109 Chari S T, Leibson C L, Rabe K G. et al . Probability of pancreatic cancer following diabetes: a population-based study.  Gastroenterology. 2005;  129 504-511
  • 110 Coughlin S S, Calle E E, Teras L R. et al . Diabetes mellitus as a predictor of cancer mortality in a large cohort of US adults.  Am J Epidemiol. 2004;  159 1160-1167
  • 111 Huxley R, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Berrington de Gonzalez A. et al . Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer. A meta-analysis of 36 studies.  Br J Cancer. 2005;  92 2076-2083
  • 112 Stolzenberg-Solomon R Z, Graubard B I, Chari S. et al . Insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, and pancreatic cancer in male smokers.  Jama. 2005;  294 2872-2878
  • 113 Wideroff L, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L. et al . Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized with diabetes mellitus in Denmark.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;  89 1360-1365
  • 114 Calle E E, Murphy T K, Rodriguez C. et al . Diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer mortality in a prospective cohort of United States adults.  Cancer Causes Control. 1998;  9 403-410
  • 115 Chow W H, Gridley G, Nyren O. et al . Risk of pancreatic cancer following diabetes mellitus: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;  87 930-931
  • 116 Silverman D T, Schiffman M, Everhart J. et al . Diabetes mellitus, other medical conditions and familial history of cancer as risk factors for pancreatic cancer.  Br J Cancer. 1999;  80 1830-1837
  • 117 Everhart J, Wright D. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A meta-analysis.  Jama. 1995;  273 1605-1609
  • 118 Gullo L, Pezzilli R, Morselli-Labate A M. Diabetes and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Italian Pancreatic Cancer Study Group.  N Engl J Med. 1994;  331 81-84
  • 119 Rousseau M C, Parent M E, Pollak M N. et al . Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk in a population-based case-control study among men from Montreal, Canada.  Int J Cancer. 2006;  118 2105-2109
  • 120 Bjornsson E, Ismael S, Nejdet S. et al . Severe jaundice in Sweden in the new millennium: causes, investigations, treatment and prognosis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003;  38 86-94
  • 121 Reisman Y, Gips C H, Lavelle S M. et al . Clinical presentation of (subclinical) jaundice - the Euricterus project in The Netherlands. United Dutch Hospitals and Euricterus Project Management Group.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1996;  43 1190-1195
  • 122 Watanabe I, Sasaki S, Konishi M. et al . Onset symptoms and tumor locations as prognostic factors of pancreatic cancer.  Pancreas. 2004;  28 160-165
  • 123 Balthazar E J. Pancreatitis associated with pancreatic carcinoma. Preoperative diagnosis: role of CT imaging in detection and evaluation.  Pancreatology. 2005;  5 330-344
  • 124 Mujica V R, Barkin J S, Go V L. Acute pancreatitis secondary to pancreatic carcinoma. Study Group Participants.  Pancreas. 2000;  21 329-332
  • 125 Adamek H E, Albert J, Breer H. et al . Pancreatic cancer detection with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a prospective controlled study.  Lancet. 2000;  356 190-193
  • 126 Hanninen E L, Ricke J, Amthauer H. et al . Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: image quality, ductal morphology, and value of additional T2- and T1-weighted sequences for the assessment of suspected pancreatic cancer.  Acta Radiol. 2005;  46 117-125
  • 127 Forsmark C E, Lambiase L, Vogel S B. Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and prediction of unresectability using the tumor-associated antigen CA 19-9.  Pancreas. 1994;  9 731-734
  • 128 Nazli O, Bozdag A D, Tansug T. et al . The diagnostic importance of CEA and CA 19 - 9 for the early diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.  Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;  47 1750-1752
  • 129 Ritts R E Jr, Nagorney D M, Jacobsen D J. et al . Comparison of preoperative serum CA 19-9 levels with results of diagnostic imaging modalities in patients undergoing laparotomy for suspected pancreatic or gallbladder disease.  Pancreas. 1994;  9 707-716
  • 130 Tessler D A, Catanzaro A, Velanovich V. et al . Predictors of cancer in patients with suspected pancreatic malignancy without a tissue diagnosis.  Am J Surg. 2006;  191 191-197
  • 131 Agarwal B, Abu-Hamda E, Molke K L. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and multidetector spiral CT in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  99 844-850
  • 132 Klapman J B, Chang K J, Lee J G. et al . Negative predictive value of endoscopic ultrasound in a large series of patients with a clinical suspicion of pancreatic cancer.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 2658-2661
  • 133 Varadarajulu S, Wallace M B. Applications of endoscopic ultrasonography in pancreatic cancer.  Cancer Control. 2004;  11 15-22
  • 134 David O, Green L, Reddy V. et al . Pancreatic masses: a multi-institutional study of 364 fine-needle aspiration biopsies with histopathologic correlation.  Diagn Cytopathol. 1998;  19 423-427
  • 135 Bipat S, Phoa S S, Delden O M. et al . Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and determining resectability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis.  J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005;  29 438-445
  • 136 Dewitt van J, Devereaux B M, Lehman G A. et al . Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography for the preoperative evaluation of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;  4 717-725; quiz 664
  • 137 Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E. et al . Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease.  Ann Intern Med. 2003;  139 547-557
  • 138 Pakzad F, Groves A M, Ell P J. The role of positron emission tomography in the management of pancreatic cancer.  Semin Nucl Med. 2006;  36 248-256
  • 139 Schachter P P, Avni Y, Shimonov M. et al . The impact of laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography on the management of pancreatic cancer.  Arch Surg. 2000;  135 1303-1307
  • 140 Vollmer C M, Drebin J A, Middleton W D. et al . Utility of staging laparoscopy in subsets of peripancreatic and biliary malignancies.  Ann Surg. 2002;  235 1-7
  • 141 van der Waaij L A, Dullemen H M, Porte R J. Cyst fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions. A pooled analysis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  62 383-389
  • 142 Fong van Y, Blumgart L H, Fortner J G. et al . Pancreatic or liver resection for malignancy is safe and effective for the elderly.  Ann Surg. 1995;  222 426-434; discussion 434 - 437
  • 143 Lightner A M, Glasgow R E, Jordan T H. et al . Pancreatic resection in the elderly.  J Am Coll Surg. 2004;  198 697-706
  • 144 Lillemoe K D, Cameron J L, Hardacre J M. et al . Is prophylactic gastrojejunostomy indicated for unresectable periampullary cancer? A prospective randomized trial.  Ann Surg. 1999;  230 322-328; discussion 328 - 330
  • 145 American College of Physicians . Guidelines for assessing and managing the perioperative risk from coronary artery disease associated with major noncardiac surgery.  Ann Intern Med. 1997;  127 309-312
  • 146 Wagner M, Redaelli C, Lietz M. et al . Curative resection is the single most important factor determining outcome in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.  Br J Surg. 2004;  91 586-594
  • 147 Fuhrman G M, Leach S D, Staley C A. et al . Rationale for en bloc vein resection in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma adherent to the superior mesenteric-portal vein confluence. Pancreatic Tumor Study Group.  Ann Surg. 1996;  223 154-162
  • 148 Leach S D, Lee J E, Charnsangavej C. et al . Survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy with resection of the superior mesenteric-portal vein confluence for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head.  Br J Surg. 1998;  85 611-617
  • 149 Sasson A R, Hoffman J P, Ross E A. et al . En bloc resection for locally advanced cancer of the pancreas: is it worthwhile?.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2002;  6 147-157; discussion 157 - 158
  • 150 Nakao A, Takeda S, Inoue S. et al . Indications and techniques of extended resection for pancreatic cancer.  World J Surg. 2006;  30 976-982; discussion 983 - 984
  • 151 Varadhachary G R, Tamm E P, Abbruzzese J L. et al . Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: definitions, management, and role of preoperative therapy.  Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;  13 1035-1046
  • 152 Siriwardana H P, Siriwardena A K. Systematic review of outcome of synchronous portal-superior mesenteric vein resection during pancreatectomy for cancer.  Br J Surg. 2006;  93 662-673
  • 153 Carrere N, Sauvanet A, Goere D. et al . Pancreaticoduodenectomy with mesentericoportal vein resection for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head.  World J Surg. 2006;  30 1526-1535
  • 154 Riediger H, Makowiec F, Fischer E. et al . Postoperative morbidity and long-term survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy with superior mesenterico-portal vein resection.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;  10 1106-1115
  • 155 Bachellier P, Nakano H, Oussoultzoglou P D. et al . Is pancreaticoduodenectomy with mesentericoportal venous resection safe and worthwhile?.  Am J Surg. 2001;  182 120-129
  • 156 Li B, Chen F Z, Ge X H. et al . Pancreatoduodenectomy with vascular reconstruction in treating carcinoma of the pancreatic head.  Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2004;  3 612-615
  • 157 Settmacher U, Langrehr J M, Husmann I. et al . Reconstruction of visceral arteries with homografts in excision of the pancreas.  Chirurg. 2004;  75 1199-1206
  • 158 Schwarz R E. Technical considerations to maintain a low frequency of postoperative biliary stent-associated infections.  J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2002;  9 93-97
  • 159 Gerke H, White R, Byrne M F. et al . Complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with and without preoperative biliary drainage.  Dig Liver Dis. 2004;  36 412-418
  • 160 Jagannath P, Dhir V, Shrikhande S. et al . Effect of preoperative biliary stenting on immediate outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy.  Br J Surg. 2005;  92 356-361
  • 161 Martignoni M E, Wagner M, Krahenbuhl L. et al . Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on surgical outcome after pancreatoduodenectomy.  Am J Surg. 2001;  181 52-59; discussion 87
  • 162 Sohn T A, Yeo C J, Cameron J L. et al . Do preoperative biliary stents increase postpancreaticoduodenectomy complications?.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2000;  4 258-267; discussion 267 - 268
  • 163 Targarona E M, Garau J, Munoz-Ramos C. et al . Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in patients at high risk for infection in biliary surgery: a prospective and randomized study comparing cefonicid with mezlocillin.  Surgery. 1990;  107 327-334
  • 164 Kujath P, Bouchard R, Scheele J. et al . Current perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis.  Chirurg. 2006;  77 490, 492-498
  • 165 Connor S, Alexakis N, Garden O J. et al . Meta-analysis of the value of somatostatin and its analogues in reducing complications associated with pancreatic surgery.  Br J Surg. 2005;  92 1059-1067
  • 166 Bassi C, Dervenis C, Butturini G. et al . Postoperative pancreatic fistula: an international study group (ISGPF) definition.  Surgery. 2005;  138 8-13
  • 167 Finlayson C, Hoffman J, Yeung R. et al . Intraoperative ultrasound does not improve detection of liver metastases in resectable pancreatic cancer.  Am J Surg. 1998;  175 99-101
  • 168 Kolecki R, Schirmer B. Intraoperative and laparoscopic ultrasound.  Surg Clin North Am. 1998;  78 251-271
  • 169 Warshaw A L, Fernandez-del Castillo C. Pancreatic carcinoma.  N Engl J Med. 1992;  326 455-465
  • 170 Konishi M, Kinoshita T, Nakagohri T. et al . Prognostic value of cytologic examination of peritoneal washings in pancreatic cancer.  Arch Surg. 2002;  137 475-480
  • 171 Yachida S, Fukushima N, Sakamoto M. et al . Implications of peritoneal washing cytology in patients with potentially resectable pancreatic cancer.  Br J Surg. 2002;  89 573-578
  • 172 Diener M K, Knaebel H P, Heukaufer C. et al . A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Pylorus-preserving Versus Classical Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Surgical Treatment of Periampullary and Pancreatic Carcinoma.  Ann Surg. 2007;  245 187-200
  • 173 Christein J D, Kendrick M L, Iqbal C W. et al . Distal pancreatectomy for resectable adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;  9 922-927
  • 174 Shimada K, Sakamoto Y, Sano T. et al . Prognostic factors after distal pancreatectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the body and tail.  Surgery. 2006;  139 288-295
  • 175 Shoup M, Conlon K C, Klimstra D. et al . Is extended resection for adenocarcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas justified?.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;  7 946-952; discussion 952
  • 176 Pedrazzoli S, DiCarlo V, Dionigi R. et al . Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy associated with pancreatoduodenectomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: a multicenter, prospective, randomized study. Lymphadenectomy Study Group.  Ann Surg. 1998;  228 508-517
  • 177 Farnell M B, Pearson R K, Sarr M G. et al . A prospective randomized trial comparing standard pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy in resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma.  Surgery. 2005;  138 618-628; discussion 628 - 630
  • 178 Yeo C J, Cameron J L, Lillemoe K D. et al . Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma, part 2: randomized controlled trial evaluating survival, morbidity, and mortality.  Ann Surg. 2002;  236 355-366; discussion 366 - 368
  • 179 Brugge W R, Lauwers G Y, Sahani D. et al . Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  351 1218-1226
  • 180 Brugge W R, Lewandrowski K, Lee-Lewandrowski E. et al . Diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: a report of the cooperative pancreatic cyst study.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1330-1336
  • 181 Sedlack R, Affi A, Vazquez-Sequeiros E. et al . Utility of EUS in the evaluation of cystic pancreatic lesions.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  56 543-547
  • 182 Salvia R, Fernandez-del C astillo C, Bassi C. et al . Main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: clinical predictors of malignancy and long-term survival following resection.  Ann Surg. 2004;  239 678-685; discussion 685 - 687
  • 183 Bassi C, Salvia R, Molinari E. et al . Management of 100 consecutive cases of pancreatic serous cystadenoma: wait for symptoms and see at imaging or vice versa?.  World J Surg. 2003;  27 319-323
  • 184 Hirano S, Kondo S, Ambo Y. et al . Outcome of duodenum-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas for intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm.  Dig Surg. 2004;  21 242-245
  • 185 Takada T, Yasuda H, Amano H. et al . Simultaneous hepatic resection with pancreato-duodenectomy for metastatic pancreatic head carcinoma: does it improve survival?.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1997;  44 567-573
  • 186 Mann O, Strate T, Schneider C. et al . Surgery for advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer - current state and perspectives.  Anticancer Res. 2006;  26 681-686
  • 187 Shrikhande S V, Kleeff J, Reiser C. et al . Pancreatic resection for M1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.  Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;  14 118-127
  • 188 Friess H, Kleeff J, Silva J C. et al . The role of diagnostic laparoscopy in pancreatic and periampullary malignancies.  J Am Coll Surg. 1998;  186 675-682
  • 189 Urbach D R, Swanstrom L L, Hansen P D. The effect of laparoscopy on survival in pancreatic cancer.  Arch Surg. 2002;  137 191-199
  • 190 Santoro E, Carlini M, Carboni F. Laparoscopic pancreatic surgery: indications, techniques and preliminary results.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;  46 1174-1180
  • 191 Cioc A M, Ellison E C, Proca D M. et al . Frozen section diagnosis of pancreatic lesions.  Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;  126 1169-1173
  • 192 Luttges J, Zamboni G, Kloppel G. Recommendation for the examination of pancreaticoduodenectomy specimens removed from patients with carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas. A proposal for a standardized pathological staging of pancreaticoduodenectomy specimens including a checklist.  Dig Surg. 1999;  16 291-296
  • 193 Compton C C, Henson D E. Protocol for the examination of specimens removed from patients with carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas: a basis for checklists. Cancer Committee, College of American Pathologists.  Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;  121 1129-1136
  • 194 Sakata E, Shirai Y, Yokoyama N. et al . Clinical significance of lymph node micrometastasis in ampullary carcinoma.  World J Surg. 2006;  30 985-991
  • 195 Oettle H, Post S, Neuhaus P. et al . Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial.  Jama. 2007;  297 267-277
  • 196 Stocken D D, Buchler M W, Dervenis C. et al . Meta-analysis of randomised adjuvant therapy trials for pancreatic cancer.  Br J Cancer. 2005;  92 1372-1381
  • 197 Neoptolemos J P, Stocken D D, Friess H. et al . A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  350 1200-1210
  • 198 Penberthy D R, Rich T A, Shelton C H. et al . A pilot study of chronomodulated infusional 5-fluorouracil chemoradiation for pancreatic cancer.  Ann Oncol. 2001;  12 681-684
  • 199 Mallinson C N, Rake M O, Cocking J B. et al . Chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer: results of a controlled, prospective, randomised, multicentre trial.  Br Med J. 1980;  281 1589-1591
  • 200 Palmer K R, Kerr M, Knowles G. et al . Chemotherapy prolongs survival in inoperable pancreatic carcinoma.  Br J Surg. 1994;  81 882-885
  • 201 Glimelius B, Hoffman K, Sjoden P O. et al . Chemotherapy improves survival and quality of life in advanced pancreatic and biliary cancer.  Ann Oncol. 1996;  7 593-600
  • 202 Yip D, Karapetis C, Strickland A. et al . Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for inoperable advanced pancreatic cancer.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 CD002093. 2006; 
  • 203 Burris H A 3rd , Moore M J, Andersen J. et al . Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial.  J Clin Oncol. 1997;  15 2403-2413
  • 204 Storniolo A M, Enas N H, Brown C A. et al . An investigational new drug treatment program for patients with gemcitabine: results for over 3000 patients with pancreatic carcinoma.  Cancer. 1999;  85 1261-1268
  • 205 Louvet C, Labianca R, Hammel P. et al . Gemcitabine in combination with oxaliplatin compared with gemcitabine alone in locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: results of a GERCOR and GISCAD phase III trial.  J Clin Oncol. 2005;  23 3509-3516
  • 206 Heinemann V, Quietzsch D, Gieseler F. et al . Randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine plus cisplatin compared with gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer.  J Clin Oncol. 2006;  24 3946-3952
  • 207 Herrmann R, Bodoky G, Rushstaller T. et al . Gemcitabine (G) plus capecitabine (C) versus G alone in locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a randomized phase III study of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK) and the Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG).  J Clin Oncol. 2005;  23 A4010
  • 208 Berlin J D, Catalano P, Thomas J P. et al . Phase III study of gemcitabine in combination with fluorouracil versus gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial E2297.  J Clin Oncol. 2002;  20 3270-3275
  • 209 Van Cutsem E, Velde van de H, Karasek P. et al . Phase III trial of gemcitabine plus tipifarnib compared with gemcitabine plus placebo in advanced pancreatic cancer.  J Clin Oncol. 2004;  22 1430-1438
  • 210 Tempero M, Plunkett W, Ruiz Van Haperen V. et al . Randomized phase II comparison of dose-intense gemcitabine: thirty-minute infusion and fixed dose rate infusion in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.  J Clin Oncol. 2003;  21 3402-3408
  • 211 Poplin E, Levy D, Berlin J. et al . Phase III trial of gemcitabine (30 min infusion) versus gemcitabine (fixed-dose rate infusion (FDR) versus gemcitabine + oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (E6201).  J Clin Oncol. 2006;  24 LBA4004
  • 212 Maisey N, Chau I, Cunningham D. et al . Multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing protracted venous infusion (PVI) fluorouracil (5-FU) with PVI 5-FU plus mitomycin in inoperable pancreatic cancer.  J Clin Oncol. 2002;  20 3130-3136
  • 213 Ducreux M, Rougier P, Pignon J P. et al . A randomised trial comparing 5-FU with 5-FU plus cisplatin in advanced pancreatic carcinoma.  Ann Oncol. 2002;  13 1185-1191
  • 214 Lutz M P, Koniger M, Muche R. et al . A phase II study of weekly 24-h infusion of high-dose 5-fluorouracil in advanced pancreatic cancer.  Z Gastroenterol. 1999;  37 993-997
  • 215 Colucci G, Giuliani F, Gebbia V. et al . Gemcitabine alone or with cisplatin for the treatment of patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic pancreatic carcinoma: a prospective, randomized phase III study of the Gruppo Oncologia dell’Italia Meridionale.  Cancer. 2002;  94 902-910
  • 216 Ducreux M, Mitry E, Ould-Kaci M. et al . Randomized phase II study evaluating oxaliplatin alone, oxaliplatin combined with infusional 5-FU, and infusional 5-FU alone in advanced pancreatic carcinoma patients.  Ann Oncol. 2004;  15 467-473
  • 217 Cunningham D, Chau I, Stocken D D. et al . Phase III randomized comparison of gemcitabine (GEM) vs. gemcitabine plus capecitabine (Gem-CAP) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.  Eur J Cancer. 2005;  3 PS11
  • 218 Di Costanzo F, Carlini P, Doni L. et al . Gemcitabine with or without continuous infusion 5-FU in advanced pancreatic cancer: a randomised phase II trial of the Italian oncology group for clinical research (GOIRC).  Br J Cancer. 2005;  93 185-189
  • 219 Riess M, Helm A, Niedergethmann I. et al . A randomised prospective, multicentre phase III trial of gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), folinic acid vs. gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.  J Clin Oncol. 2005;  23 A1092
  • 220 Moore M J, Goldstein D, Hamm J. et al . Erlotinib plus gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase III trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group.  J Clin Oncol. 2007;  15 1960-6
  • 221 Kindler H L, Friberg G, Singh D A. et al . Phase II Trial of Bevacizumab Plus Gemcitabine in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.  J Clin Oncol. 2005;  23 8033-8040
  • 222 Kindler H, Niedzwiecki, Hollis D. et al . A double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine (G) plus bevacizumab (B) versus gemcitabine plus placebo (P) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (PC): a preliminary analysis of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 80 303.  Proceedings of the ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. 2007;  A108
  • 223 Reni M, Passoni P, Bonetto E. et al . Final results of a prospective trial of a PEFG (Cisplatin, Epirubicin, 5-Fluorouracil, Gemcitabine) regimen followed by radiotherapy after curative surgery for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.  Oncology. 2005;  68 239-245
  • 224 Lutz M P, Van Cutsem E, Wagener T. et al . Docetaxel plus gemcitabine or docetaxel plus cisplatin in advanced pancreatic carcinoma: randomized phase II study 40 984 of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Group.  J Clin Oncol. 2005;  23 9250-9256
  • 225 Shepard R C, Levy D E, Berlin J D. et al . Phase II study of gemcitabine in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma (E1298). A trial of the eastern cooperative oncology group.  Oncology. 2004;  66 303-309
  • 226 Ridwelski K, Fahlke J, Kuhn R. et al . Multicenter phase-I/II study using a combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel in metastasized and unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma.  Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006;  32 297-302
  • 227 Jacobs A D, Otero H, Picozzi V J Jr. et al . Gemcitabine combined with docetaxel for the treatment of unresectable pancreatic carcinoma.  Cancer Invest. 2004;  22 505-514
  • 228 Ulrich-Pur H, Raderer M, Verena Kornek G. et al . Irinotecan plus raltitrexed vs raltitrexed alone in patients with gemcitabine-pretreated advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.  Br J Cancer. 2003;  88 1180-1184
  • 229 Tsavaris N, Kosmas C, Skopelitis H. et al . Second-line treatment with oxaliplatin, leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil in gemcitabine-pretreated advanced pancreatic cancer: A phase II study.  Invest New Drugs. 2005;  23 369-375
  • 230 Reni M, Pasetto L, Aprile G. et al . Raltitrexed-eloxatin salvage chemotherapy in gemcitabine-resistant metastatic pancreatic cancer.  Br J Cancer. 2006;  94 785-791
  • 231 Demols A, Peeters M, Polus M. et al . Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in gemcitabine refractory advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a phase II study.  Br J Cancer. 2006;  94 481-485
  • 232 Oettle H, Arnold D, Esser M. et al . Paclitaxel as weekly second-line therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.  Anticancer Drugs. 2000;  11 635-638
  • 233 Burris H A 3rd , Rivkin S, Reynolds R. et al . Phase II trial of oral rubitecan in previously treated pancreatic cancer patients.  Oncologist. 2005;  10 183-190
  • 234 Mitry E, Ducreux M, Ould-Kaci M. et al . Oxaliplatin combined with 5-FU in second line treatment of advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Results of a phase II trial.  Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2006;  30 357-363
  • 235 Willett C G, Czito B G, Bendell J C. et al . Locally advanced pancreatic cancer.  J Clin Oncol. 2005;  23 4538-4544
  • 236 Moertel C G, Childs D S Jr, Reitemeier R J. et al . Combined 5-fluorouracil and supervoltage radiation therapy of locally unresectable gastrointestinal cancer.  Lancet. 1969;  2 865-867
  • 237 Moertel C G, Frytak S, Hahn R G. et al . Therapy of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: a randomized comparison of high dose (6000 rads) radiation alone, moderate dose radiation (4000 rads + 5-fluorouracil), and high dose radiation + 5-fluorouracil: The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group.  Cancer. 1981;  48 1705-1710
  • 238 Klaassen D J, MacIntyre J M, Catton G E. et al . Treatment of locally unresectable cancer of the stomach and pancreas: a randomized comparison of 5-fluorouracil alone with radiation plus concurrent and maintenance 5-fluorouracil - an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study.  J Clin Oncol. 1985;  3 373-378
  • 239 Cohen L, Woodruff K H, Hendrickson F R. et al . Response of pancreatic cancer to local irradiation with high-energy neutrons.  Cancer. 1985;  56 1235-1241
  • 240 Cohen S J, Dobelbower R Jr, Lipsitz S. et al . A randomized phase III study of radiotherapy alone or with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C in patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study E8282.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;  62 1345-1350
  • 241 Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group . Treatment of locally unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas: comparison of combined-modality therapy (chemotherapy plus radiotherapy) to chemotherapy alone.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988;  80 751-755
  • 242 Shinchi H, Takao S, Noma H. et al . Length and quality of survival after external-beam radiotherapy with concurrent continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion for locally unresectable pancreatic cancer.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;  53 146-150
  • 243 McGinn C J, Zalupski M M, Shureiqi I. et al . Phase I trial of radiation dose escalation with concurrent weekly full-dose gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.  J Clin Oncol. 2001;  19 4202-4208
  • 244 Kachnic L A, Shaw J E, Manning M A. et al . Gemcitabine following radiotherapy with concurrent 5-fluorouracil for nonmetastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.  Int J Cancer. 2001;  96 132-139
  • 245 Crane C H, Abbruzzese J L, Evans D B. et al . Is the therapeutic index better with gemcitabine-based chemoradiation than with 5-fluorouracil-based chemoradiation in locally advanced pancreatic cancer?.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;  52 1293-1302
  • 246 Rocha Lima C M, Green M R, Rotche R. et al . Irinotecan plus gemcitabine results in no survival advantage compared with gemcitabine monotherapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer despite increased tumor response rate.  J Clin Oncol. 2004;  22 3776-3783
  • 247 Chauffert B, Mornex F, Bonnetain F. et al . Phase III trial comparing initial chemoradiotherapy (intermittent cisplatin and infusional 5-FU) followed by gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine alone in patients with locally advanced non metastatic pancreatic cancer: A FFCD-SFRO study.  J Clin Oncol. 2006;  24 A4008
  • 248 Huguet F, Andre T, Hammel P. et al . Impact of chemoradiotherapy after disease control with chemotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma in GERCOR Phase II and III studies.  J Clin Oncol. 2007;  20 326-331
  • 249 Sa Cunha A, Rault A, Laurent C. et al . Surgical resection after radiochemotherapy in patients with unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.  J Am Coll Surg. 2005;  201 359-365
  • 250 Fisher B J, Perera F E, Kocha W. et al . Analysis of the clinical benefit of 5-fluorouracil and radiation treatment in locally advanced pancreatic cancer.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;  45 291-295
  • 251 Furuse J, Kinoshita T, Kawashima M. et al . Intraoperative and conformal external-beam radiation therapy with protracted 5-fluorouracil infusion in patients with locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma.  Cancer. 2003;  97 1346-1352
  • 252 Brunner T B, Grabenbauer G G, Kastl S. et al . Preoperative Chemoradiation in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Carcinoma: A Phase II Study.  Onkologie. 2000;  23 436-442
  • 253 Ikeda M, Okada S, Tokuuye K. et al . A phase I trial of weekly gemcitabine and concurrent radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.  Br J Cancer. 2002;  86 1551-1554
  • 254 Talamonti M S, Catalano P J, Vaughn D J. et al . Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase I trial of protracted venous infusion fluorouracil plus weekly gemcitabine with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced pancreas cancer: a regimen with unexpected early toxicity.  J Clin Oncol. 2000;  18 3384-3389
  • 255 Brunner T B, Grabenbauer G G, Klein P. et al . Phase I trial of strictly time-scheduled gemcitabine and cisplatin with concurrent radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;  55 144-153
  • 256 Micke O, Hesselmann S, Bruns F. et al . Results and follow-up of locally advanced cancer of the exocrine pancreas treated with radiochemotherapy.  Anticancer Res. 2005;  25 1523-1530
  • 257 Xiong H Q, Rosenberg A, LoBuglio A. et al . Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor, in combination with gemcitabine for advanced pancreatic cancer: a multicenter phase II Trial.  J Clin Oncol. 2004;  22 2610-2616
  • 258 Bramhall S R, Rosemurgy A, Brown P D. et al . Marimastat as first-line therapy for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer: a randomized trial.  J Clin Oncol. 2001;  19 3447-3455
  • 259 Moore M J, Hamm J, Dancey J. et al . Comparison of gemcitabine versus the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor BAY 12 - 9566 in patients with advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a phase III trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group.  J Clin Oncol. 2003;  21 3296-3302
  • 260 Beger H G, Link K H, Gansauge F. Adjuvant regional chemotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer: results of a prospective study.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1998;  45 638-643
  • 261 Ghaneh P, Neoptolemos J P. Conclusions from the European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer adjuvant trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer.  Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2004;  13 567-587, vii-viii
  • 262 Lohr M, Hoffmeyer A, Kroger J. et al . Microencapsulated cell-mediated treatment of inoperable pancreatic carcinoma.  Lancet. 2001;  357 1591-1592
  • 263 Mercadante S. Pain treatment and outcomes for patients with advanced cancer who receive follow-up care at home.  Cancer. 1999;  85 1849-1858
  • 264 Zech D F, Grond S, Lynch J. et al . Validation of World Health Organization Guidelines for cancer pain relief: a 10-year prospective study.  Pain. 1995;  63 65-76
  • 265 Marinangeli F, Ciccozzi A, Leonardis M. et al . Use of strong opioids in advanced cancer pain: a randomized trial.  J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;  27 409-416
  • 266 Grahm A L, Andren-Sandberg A. Prospective evaluation of pain in exocrine pancreatic cancer.  Digestion. 1997;  58 542-549
  • 267 Caraceni A, Portenoy R K. Pain management in patients with pancreatic carcinoma.  Cancer. 1996;  78 639-653
  • 268 Ross G J, Kessler H B, Clair M R. et al . Sonographically guided paracentesis for palliation of symptomatic malignant ascites.  Am J Roentgenol. 1989;  153 1309-1311
  • 269 McNicol E, Strassels S, Goudas L. et al . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or combined with opioids, for cancer pain: a systematic review.  J Clin Oncol. 2004;  22 1975-1992
  • 270 Carr D B, Goudas L C, Balk E M. et al . Evidence report on the treatment of pain in cancer patients.  J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2004;  32 23-31
  • 271 Payne R, Mathias S D, Pasta D J. et al . Quality of life and cancer pain: satisfaction and side effects with transdermal fentanyl versus oral morphine.  J Clin Oncol. 1998;  16 1588-1593
  • 272 De Conno F, Ripamonti C, Saita L. et al . Role of rectal route in treating cancer pain: a randomized crossover clinical trial of oral versus rectal morphine administration in opioid-naive cancer patients with pain.  J Clin Oncol. 1995;  13 1004-1008
  • 273 Cherny N I. The management of cancer pain.  CA Cancer J Clin. 2000;  50 70-116; quiz 117 - 120
  • 274 Gilmer-Hill H S, Boggan J E, Smith K A. et al . Intrathecal morphine delivered via subcutaneous pump for intractable pain in pancreatic cancer.  Surg Neurol. 1999;  51 6-11
  • 275 Staats P S, Hekmat H, Sauter P. et al . The effects of alcohol celiac plexus block, pain, and mood on longevity in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.  Pain Med. 2001;  2 28-34
  • 276 Eisenberg E, Carr D B, Chalmers T C. Neurolytic celiac plexus block for treatment of cancer pain: a meta-analysis.  Anesth Analg. 1995;  80 290-295
  • 277 Wong G Y, Schroeder D R, Carns P E. et al . Effect of neurolytic celiac plexus block on pain relief, quality of life, and survival in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial.  Jama. 2004;  291 1092-1099
  • 278 Stefaniak T, Basinski A, Vingerhoets A. et al . A comparison of two invasive techniques in the management of intractable pain due to inoperable pancreatic cancer: neurolytic celiac plexus block and videothoracoscopic splanchnicectomy.  Eur J Surg Oncol. 2005;  31 768-773
  • 279 Arends J, Bodoky G, Bozzetti F. et al . ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Non-surgical oncology.  Clin Nutr. 2006;  25 245-259
  • 280 Arends J, Zuercher G, Fietkau R. et al . DGEM Leitlinie Enterale Ernährung: Onkologie.  Akt Ernähr Med. 2003;  28 61-68
  • 281 Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud L L. et al . Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis.  Jama. 2007;  297 842-857
  • 282 Wigmore S J, Falconer J S, Plester C E. et al . Ibuprofen reduces energy expenditure and acute-phase protein production compared with placebo in pancreatic cancer patients.  Br J Cancer. 1995;  72 185-188
  • 283 Gordon J N, Trebble T M, Ellis R D. et al . Thalidomide in the treatment of cancer cachexia: a randomised placebo controlled trial.  Gut. 2005;  54 540-545
  • 284 Jatoi A, Windschitl H E, Loprinzi C L. et al . Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study.  J Clin Oncol. 2002;  20 567-573
  • 285 Loprinzi C L, Kugler J W, Sloan J A. et al . Randomized comparison of megestrol acetate versus dexamethasone versus fluoxymesterone for the treatment of cancer anorexia/cachexia.  J Clin Oncol. 1999;  17 3299-3306
  • 286 Moss A C, Morris E, Mac Mathuna P. Palliative biliary stents for obstructing pancreatic carcinoma.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004200. 2006; 
  • 287 Hausegger K A, Thurnher S, Bodendorfer G. et al . Treatment of malignant biliary obstruction with polyurethane-covered Wallstents.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;  170 403-408
  • 288 Isayama H, Komatsu Y, Tsujino T. et al . A prospective randomised study of „covered” versus „uncovered” diamond stents for the management of distal malignant biliary obstruction.  Gut. 2004;  53 729-734
  • 289 Speer A G, Cotton P B, Russell R C. et al . Randomised trial of endoscopic versus percutaneous stent insertion in malignant obstructive jaundice.  Lancet. 1987;  2 57-62
  • 290 Urbach D R, Bell C M, Swanstrom L L. et al . Cohort study of surgical bypass to the gallbladder or bile duct for the palliation of jaundice due to pancreatic cancer.  Ann Surg. 2003;  237 86-93
  • 291 DiFronzo L A, Egrari S, O’Connell T X. Choledochoduodenostomy for palliation in unresectable pancreatic cancer.  Arch Surg. 1998;  133 820-825
  • 292 Aranha G V, Prinz R A, Greenlee H B. Biliary enteric bypass for benign and malignant disease.  Am Surg. 1987;  53 403-406
  • 293 Song H Y, Shin J H, Yoon C J. et al . A dual expandable nitinol stent: experience in 102 patients with malignant gastroduodenal strictures.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;  15 1443-1449
  • 294 Kaw M, Singh S, Gagneja H. et al . Role of self-expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant duodenal obstruction.  Surg Endosc. 2003;  17 646-650
  • 295 Smith T J, Khatcheressian J, Lyman G H. et al . 2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline.  J Clin Oncol. 2006;  24 3187-3205
  • 296 Rizzo J D, Lichtin A E, Woolf S H. et al . Use of epoetin in patients with cancer: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society of Hematology.  J Clin Oncol. 2002;  20 4083-4107
  • 297 Bokemeyer C, Aapro M S, Courdi A. et al . EORTC guidelines for the use of erythropoietic proteins in anaemic patients with cancer: 2006 update.  Eur J Cancer. 2007;  43 258-270
  • 298 Schuchter L M, Hensley M L, Meropol N J. et al . 2002 update of recommendations for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protectants: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.  J Clin Oncol. 2002;  20 2895-2903

Prof. Guido Adler

Klinik für Innere Medizin I,
Universitätsklinikum Ulm

Robert-Koch-Straße 8

89081 Ulm

Phone: ++ 49/7 31/50 04 45 00

Fax: ++ 49/7 31/50 04 45 02

Email: guido.adler@uniklinik-ulm.de

    >