Analysis of the Immune Response against Tetanus Toxoid: Enumeration of Specific T Helper Cells by the Elispot Assay
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2018, Journal of Immunological MethodsCitation Excerpt :We argue that this mode of presentation may represent a more accurate model of antigen responses in vivo; where ICs formation is the norm. This makes the assay more robust and relevant for the study of broad, pro-inflammatory responses than similar in vitro assays relying on uncoated TT antigen (Mayer et al., 2002; Piersma et al., 2006). Comparing an autologous DC:T cell TT-IC dependent T cell activation protocol with the PBMC based protocol, TT-IC led to comparable T cell activation in both systems.
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2017, VaccineCitation Excerpt :Our observed cell- and antibody-mediated responses are not surprising, as the anti-TT response has been reported to be a mixture between Th1 and Th2 [21,22]. Humans i.m. immunized against alum-adjuvanted TT showed a strong CD4+ T-cell response [23], whereas we demonstrated an increased amount of CTLs within the pools of IFN-γ and TNF-α producing T-cells. This discrepancy likely reflects the differences in adjuvants and delivery route.
Vaccine Immunology
2017, Plotkin's Vaccines