Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
ArticlesBehavioral and Neural Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine
Section snippets
NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS IN HUMANS
Epidemiological evidence from prospective and case-control studies displays a high degree of consistency for the association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with maternal smoking. Overall, the magnitude of the long-term effects of maternal smoking on the physical and mental development of offspring is small but measurable (Weitzman et al., 1992). There is strong support for a dose-response relationship of maternal smoking rates to low birth weight (potentially associated with lower cognitive
NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF IN UTERO EXPOSURE TO NICOTINE IN ANIMALS
Major outcome variables measured in animals prenatally exposed to nicotine have included birth weight, locomotor activity, and cognitive performance. These outcome measures can vary significantly as a function of nicotine dose, schedule of administration (continuous versus intermittent), route of administration, time of exposure (e.g., early versus late in gestation), and species. For example, a dose of 1.5 mg/kg per day produces a plasma nicotine concentration in rats similar to that of humans
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF IN UTERO EXPOSURE TO NICOTINE
Because nicotine is readily transferred to the fetal compartment throughout pregnancy, the fetuses of mothers who smoke are exposed to relatively higher nicotine concentrations than their mothers (Luck et al., 1985). Nicotine acts primarily through its action on nAChRs. Although the premature activation of nAChRs by exogenous nicotine in the fetus has consequences that extend beyond the central nervous system CNS (e.g., autonomic ganglia and adrenal medulla), only CNS events will be considered.
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The authors thank Dr. Bruce Vaupel for his help in preparing the manuscript.