Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
ARTICLESMotivational Effects on Motor Timing in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Section snippets
Selection of Participants
Children with ADHD were recruited via the Dutch Parent Association of Children With ADHD and Other Developmental Disorders. Only those children were included that met the following criteria: (a) a formal clinical diagnosis of ADHD by the child's health care professional; (b) no neurological, sensory, or motor impairment; (c) no learning disability or other developmental or behavioral disorder except oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD); and (d) no medication other than
Self-Reported Motivation
Self-reports using the visual analogue scales indicated that there was a significant effect of reinforcement on how much children were looking forward to doing the task (question 1), implying that our experimental manipulation was successful (F2,33 = 4.67, p = .016, ηp2 = 0.22). Pairwise comparisons demonstrated that children were more enthusiastic about the task in the reward condition than in the other two conditions (reward versus neutral: F1,34 = 7.40, p = .010, ηp2 = 0.18; response cost
Conclusion
This study aimed at testing two competing explanations regarding poor timing performance in ADHD. The first explanation states that dysfunctional neural circuits involved in motor timing are primarily responsible for timing disabilities. The second explanation assumes that a motivational deficit underlies poor timing performance. To address this issue, we manipulated motivation in a time production paradigm by implementing different reinforcement conditions.
Consistent with previous studies
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Difficulties of children with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in processing temporal information concerning everyday life events
2019, Journal of Experimental Child PsychologyDevelopment of the frontal lobe
2019, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :Aside from this, theories of ADHD do not discuss altered sensitivity to punishment and empirical studies examining whether ADHD is associated with an atypical response to punishment have produced mixed findings. Studies that have examined the impact of punishment on cognitive task performance reported improved performance in children with ADHD only (Iaboni et al., 1995; Carlson and Tamm, 2000; Carlson et al., 2000; Slusarek et al., 2001), similar effects for ADHD and controls (Firestone and Douglas, 1975; June Cunningham and Knights, 1978; Solanto, 1990; Crone et al., 2003; Van Meel et al., 2005a; Drechsler et al., 2010; Groen et al., 2013b), and among children with ADHD, similar effects of reward and punishment (Oosterlaan and Sergeant, 1998; Luman et al., 2015b). In addition, a recent study suggested that children with ADHD are more sensitive to punishment, such that they displayed greater avoidance of the more punished alternative during an operant conditioning task (Furukawa et al., 2017).
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Motor Timing in Adolescents and Their Parents: Familial Characteristics of Reaction Time Variability Vary with Age
2014, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryTiming perception and motor coordination on rope jumping in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
2013, Physical Therapy in SportCitation Excerpt :The output of motor timing consists of two components: a clock component, which reflects time keeper intervals, and a motor delay component, which reflects motor implementation delay (Harrington, Haaland, & Hermanowicz, 1998). Previous studies have indicated that children with ADHD have perceptual deficits in the clock component, such as in time production and reproduction, which further influences their performance on motor timing tasks (Barkley, Murphy, & Bush, 2001; Van Meel, Oosterlaan, Heslenfeld, & Sergeant, 2005; Yang et al., 2007). When rope jumping, it is necessary to coordinate the upper and lower body to maintain balance and rhythm.
A behavioral neuroenergetics theory of ADHD
2013, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :The organization of motor output is dependent on temporal synchronization of neural firing in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical and cortico-cerebellar-thalamo-cortical circuits (Smith et al., 2003), and thus particularly sensitive to impaired signaling, as seen in data reported by, for example, Noreika et al. (2013). Motivation cannot account for all of the differences between groups (Van Meel et al., 2005). Deficient action monitoring and error processing (also energy-demanding processes) are often associated with ADHD, leading to unrealistic expectations by affected individuals, and increasing their difficulty in learning from mistakes (Albrecht et al., 2008; Durston et al., 2003; Sergeant and van der Meere, 1988).
Temporal processing impairment in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder
2012, Research in Developmental Disabilities
Disclosure: The authors have no financial relationships to disclose.
The authors thank Maartje van der Meij and Patrick van der Molen for their assistance in collecting the data.