Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T04:39:34.729Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

What Does the Epidemic of Childhood Obesity Mean for Children with Special Health Care Needs?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Extract

Although the obesity epidemic appears to have affected all segments of the U.S. population, its impact on children with special health care needs (SHCN) has received little attention. “Children with special health care needs” is a term used in the U.S. to describe children who come to the attention of health care providers and policy makers because they need different services and supports than other children. Government, at both the federal and state levels, has long felt a particular responsibility for safeguarding the health of children with special needs. The definition “children with special health care needs,” in fact, was developed by a work group established by the U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) to assist states in their efforts to develop community systems of services for children with complex medical and behavioral conditions.

Type
Symposium
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., and Flegal, K. M., “Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999–2004,” JAMA 295 (2006): 15491555; NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel, “Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report,” Obesity Research 6 (1998): 51S209S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherson, M., Arango, P., Fox, H., Lauver, C., McManus, M., Newacheck, P. W., Perrin, J. M., Shonkoff, J. P., and Strickland, B., “A New Definition of Children with Special Health Care Needs,” Pediatrics 102 (1998): 137140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration and Maternal and Child Health Bureau, The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs: Chartbook 2001 (Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004).Google Scholar
Janssen, I., “Associations between Overweight and Obesity with Bullying Behaviors in School-aged Children,” Pediatrics 113 (2004): 11871194; Strauss, R. S. and Pollack, H., “Social Marginalization of Overweight Adolescents,” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 157 (2003): 746752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrin, E. C., Newacheck, P., Pless, I. B., Drotar, D., Gortmaker, S. L., Leventhal, J., Perrin, J. M., Stein, R. E. K., Walker, D. K., and Weitzman, M., “Issues Involved in the Definition and Classification of Chronic Health Conditions,” Pediatrics 91 (1993): 787793; see McPherson, supra note 2.Google Scholar
Newacheck, P. W., Strickland, B., Shonkoff, J. P., Perrin, J. M., McPherson, M., McManus, M., Lauver, C., Fox, H., and Arango, P., “An Epidemiologic Profile of Children with Special Health Care Needs,” Pediatrics 102 (1998): 117123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration and Maternal and Child Health Bureau, The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs: Methodology Report Number 41 (Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004).Google Scholar
Bethell, C. D., Read, D., Stein, R. E., Blumberg, S. J., Wells, N., and Newacheck, P. W., “Identifying Children with Special Health Care Needs: Development and Evaluation of a Short Screening Tool,” Ambulatory Pediatrics 2 (2002): 3848.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CDC Wonder, 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Public Use Variable Summary for the Sample Child, available at <http://aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/surveys/nhis/type_txt/nhis2005/samchild_freq.pdf> (last visited December 5, 2006).+(last+visited+December+5,+2006).>Google Scholar
See Ogden, supra note 1.Google Scholar
Kolbe, L. J., Kann, L. and Collins, J. L., “Overview of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System,” Public Health Reports 108 (1993): 210.Google Scholar
Bandini, L. G., Curtin, C., Hamad, C., Tybor, D. J., and Must, A., “Prevalence of Overweight in Children with Developmental Disorders in the Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002,” Journal of Pediatrics 146 (2005): 738743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, V. A., Cassidy, S. B., Butler, M. G., Hanchett, J. M., Greenswag, L. R., Whitman, B. Y., and Greenberg, F., “Prader-Willi Syndrome – Consensus Diagnostic-Criteria,” Pediatrics 91 (1993): 398402.Google Scholar
Chumlea, W. C. and Cronk, C. E., “Overweight among Children with Trisomy 21,” Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 25 (1981): 275280.Google Scholar
Hayes-Allen, M. C. and Tring, F. C., “Obesity - Another Hazard for Spina-Bifida Children,” British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine 27 (1973): 192196.Google Scholar
Trueth, M. S. and Bandini, L. G., “Regulation of Body Weight: Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity,” in Goran, M. I. and Sothern, M. S., eds., Handbook of Pediatric Obesity (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Styles, M. E., Cole, T. J., Dennis, J., and Preece, M. A., “New Cross Sectional Stature, Weight, and Head Circumference References for Down's Syndrome in the U.K. and Republic of Ireland,” Archives of Disabled Children 87 (2002): 104108; see Chumlea, and Cronk, supra note 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekvall, S. W., Bandini, L. G., Ekvall, V., and Curtin, C., “Obesity,” in Ekvall, S. W., ed., Pediatric Nutrition in Chronic Diseases and Developmental Disorders, Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment (New York: Oxford University, 2005).Google Scholar
Harris, N., Rosenberg, A., Jangda, S., O'Brien, K., and Gallagher, M. L., “Prevalence of Obesity in International Special Olympic Athletes as Determined by Body Mass Index,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103 (2003): 235237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luke, A., Roizen, N. J., Sutton, M., and Schoeller, D. A., “Energy Expenditure in Children with Down Syndrome: Correcting Metabolic Rate for Movement,” Journal of Pediatrics 125, no. 5, Pt. 1 (1994): 829838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtkamp, K., Konrad, K., Muller, B., Heussen, N., Herpertz, S., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., and Hebebrand, J., “Overweight and Obesity in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” International Journal of Obesity 28 (2004): 685689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtin, C., Bandini, L. G., Perrin, E. C., Tybor, D. J., and Must, A., “Prevalence of Overweight in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Chart Review,” BMC Pediatrics 5 (2005): 48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiteley, P., Dodou, K., Todd, L., and Shattock, P., “Body Mass Index of Children from the United Kingdom Diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorders,” Pediatrics International 46 (2004): 531533; Takeuchi, E., “Incidence of Obesity among School-Children with Mental Retardation in Japan,” American Journal of Mental Retardation 99 (1994): 283288; Sugiyama, T., “A Research of Obesity in Autism,” Japanese Journal on Developmental Disabilities 13 (1991): 5358; Mouridsen, S. E., Rich, B., and Isager, T., “Body Mass Index in Male and Female Children with Infantile Autism,” Autism 6 (2002): 197205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairney, J., Hay, J. A., Faught, B. E., and Hawes, R., “Developmental Coordination Disorder and Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 9–14 y,” International Journal of Obesity 29 (2005): 369372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownell, K., “Obesogenic Environment,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 1 (2007): 7889; Newby, P. K., “Is Diet Associated with Childhood Obesity? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 1 (2007): 3560; Peterson, K. E. and Fox, M. K., “School Based Interventions,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 1 (2007): 113130.Google Scholar
Lobstein, T., Baur, L., and Uauy, R., “Obesity in Children and Young People: A Crisis in Public Health,” Obesity Reviews 5 (2004): 485; Ebbeling, C. B., Pawlak, D. B., and Ludwig, D. S., “Childhood Obesity: Public-Health Crisis, Common Sense Cure,” The Lancet 360 (2002): 473490; Must, A. and Tybor, D. J., “Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Review of Longitudinal Studies of Weight and Adiposity in Youth,” International Journal of Obesity 29 (2005): S84S96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherry, B., “Food Behaviors and other Strategies to Prevent and Treat Pediatric Overweight,” International Journal of Obesity 29 (2005): S116S126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludwig, D. S., Peterson, K. E., Gortmaker, S. L., “Relation between Consumption of Sugar-sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational Analysis,” The Lancet 357 (2001): 505508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkey, C. S., Rockett, H. R. H., Gillman, M. W., Field, A. E., and Colditz, G. A., “Longitudinal Study of Skipping Breakfast and Weight Change in Adolescents,” International Journal of Obesity 27 (2003): 12581266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs-Smith, S. M., Cook, D. A., Subar, A. F., Cleveland, L., Friday, J., and Kahle, L. L., “Fruit and Vegetable Intakes of Children and Adolescents in the United States,” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 150 (1996): 8186; Pesa, J. A., Turner, L. W., “Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Weight-control Behaviors among U.S. Youth,” American Journal of Health Behavior 25 (2001): 39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, S. A., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Fulkerson, J. A., and Hannan, P., “Fast Food Restaurant Use among Adolescents: Associations with Nutrient Intake, Food Choices, and Behavioral and Psychosocial Variables,” International Journal of Obesity 25 (2001): 18231833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, B. H., Guthrie, J., and Frazao, E., “Quality of Children's Diets At and Away from Home: 1994–1996,” Food Review 22 (1999): 210.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1996); Caspersen, C. J., Pereira, M. A., and Curran, K. M., “Changes in Physical Activity Patterns in the United States, by Sex and Cross-Sectional Age,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 32 (2000): 16011609.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey 1999 (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 2000).Google Scholar
See Must, supra note 26.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. F., Foehr, U. G., and Rideout, V., Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8–18 Year-Olds (Menlo Park: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2005).Google Scholar
Matheson, D. M., Killen, J. D., Wang, Y., Varady, A., and Robinson, T. N., “Children's Food Consumption during Television Viewing,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (2004): 10881094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coon, K. A., Goldberg, J., Rogers, B. L., and Tucker, K. L., “Relationships between Use of Television during Meals and Children's Food Consumption Patterns,” Pediatrics 107 (2001): e7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Must, supra note 26.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine, Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Allison, D. B., Packer-Munter, W., Pietrobelli, A., Alfonso, V. C., and Faith, M. S., “Obesity and Developmental Disabilities: Pathogenesis and Treatment,” Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 10 (1998): 215255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hands, B. and Larkin, D., “Physical Fitness and Developmental Coordination Disorder,” in Cermak, S. A. and Larkin, D., eds., Developmental Coordination Disorder (Albany, NY: Delmar Thomson, 2002): 172184; Raynor, A. J., “Strength, Power, and Coactivation in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 43 (2001): 676684.Google Scholar
Vanina, Y., Podolskaya, A., Sedky, K., Shahab, H., Siddiqui, A., Munshi, F., and Lippmann, S., “Body Weight Changes Associated with Psychopharmacology,” Psychiatric Services 53 (2002): 842847; Taylor, D. M. and McAskill, R., “Atypical Antipsychotics and Weight Gain - A Systematic Review,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101 (2000): 416432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pijl, H. and Edo Meinders, A., “Bodyweight Change as an Adverse Effect of Drug Treatment,” Drug Safety 14 (1996): 329342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safer, D. J., “A Comparison of Risperidone-Induced Weight Gain across the Age Span,” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 24 (2004): 429436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See D.H.H.S., supra note 3.Google Scholar
Steele, C. A., Kalnins, I. V., Jutai, J. W., Stevens, S. E., Bortolussi, J. A. and Biggar, W. D., “Lifestyle Health Behaviours of 11- to 16-Year-Old Youth with Physical Disabilities,” Health Education Research 11 (1996): 173186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baranek, G. T., “Efficacy of Sensory and Motor Interventions for Children with Autism,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 32 (2002): 397422; Bauman, M. L. and Kemper, T. L., The Neuropathology of the Autism Spectrum Disorders: What Have We Learned? (London: Novartis Foundation Symposia, 2003); Rapin, I. and Dunn, M., “Update on the Language Disorders of Individuals on the Autistic Spectrum,” Brain Development 25 (2003): 166172; Rapin, I. and Katzman, R., “Neurobiology of Autism,” Annals of Neurology 43 (1998): 714.Google Scholar
Williams, P. G., Dalrymple, N., and Neal, J., “Eating Habits in Children with Autism,” Pediatric Nursing 26 (2000): 259264.Google Scholar
Minihan, P. and Must, A., Manuscript in preparation.Google Scholar
See Steele, supra note 47.Google Scholar
Whitt-Glover, M. C., O'Neill, K. L., and Stettler, N., “Physical Activity Patterns in Children With and Without Down Syndrome,” Pediatric Rehabilitation 9 (2006): 158164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Minihan, supra note 50.Google Scholar
Birch, L. L., “Psychological Influences on the Childhood Diet,” Journal of Nutrition 128 (1998): 407S410S; Faith, M. S., Berkowitz, R. I., Stallings, V. A., Kerns, J., Storey, M., and Stunkard, A. J., “Parental Feeding Attitudes and Styles and Child Body Mass Index: Prospective Analysis of a Gene-Environment Interaction,” Pediatrics 114 (2004): E429E436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhee, K. E., Lumeng, J. C., Appugliese, D. P., Kaciroti, N., and Bradley, R. H., “Parenting Styles and Overweight Status in First Grade,” Pediatrics 117 (2006): 20472259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vereecken, C. A., Keukelier, E., and Maes, L., “Influence of Mother's Educational Level on Food Parenting Practices and Food Habits of Young Children,” Appetite 43 (2004): 93103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See D.H.H.S., supra note 3.Google Scholar
See Minihan, supra note 50.Google Scholar
O'Neill, K. L., Shults, J., Stallings, V. A., and Stettler, N., “Child-Feeding Practices in Children with Down Syndrome and their Siblings,” The Journal of Pediatrics 146 (2005): 234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Steele, supra note 47.Google Scholar
Leiter, V., Krauss, M. W., Anderson, B., and Wells, N., “The Consequences of Caring - Effects of Mothering a Child with Special Needs,” Journal of Family Issues 25 (2004): 379403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Minihan, supra note 50.Google Scholar
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Le, L., and Freeman, K. A., “A Comparison of Video Modeling with In Vivo Modeling for Teaching Children with Autism,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 30 (2000): 537552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supra note 50.Google Scholar
See I.O.M., supra note 40.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Education, Twenty-Five Years of Progress in Educating Children with Disabilities Through IDEA, available at <http://www.ed.gov/policy/speced/leg/idea/history.pdf> (last visited November 13, 2006).+(last+visited+November+13,+2006).>Google Scholar
Economos, C. D., Hyatt, R. R., Goldberg, J. M., Must, A., Naumova, E. N., Collins, J. J., and Nelson, M. C., “A Community-based Environmental Change Intervention Reduces BMI Z-Score in Children: Shape Up Somerville First Year Results,” Obesity 15 (2007): In press.; Tufts University and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Shape Up Somerville: Eat Smart. Hard, Play, available at <http://nutrition.tufts.edu/research/shapeup/> (last visited November 13, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and Centers for Disease Control, “SHPPS: School Health Policies and Programs Study,” available at <http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/shpps/index.htm> (last visited November 13, 2006).+(last+visited+November+13,+2006).>Google Scholar
See I.O.M., supra note 40.Google Scholar
Tripp, A., “Comparison of Attitudes of Regular and Adapted Physical Educators toward Disabled Individuals,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 66 (1988): 425426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortland, Suny, “Adapted Physical Education Standards,” available at <http://www.cortland.edu/APENS/index.htm> (last visited November 13, 2006).+(last+visited+November+13,+2006).>Google Scholar
Central, PE, “Adapted Physical Education,” available at <http://www.pecentral.org/adapted/adaptedmenu.html> (last visited November 13, 2006).+(last+visited+November+13,+2006).>Google Scholar
See I.O.M., supra note 40.Google Scholar
Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, S. 2507, U.S. House of Representatives, 2004.Google Scholar
National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity, “Model School Wellness Policies,” available at <http://www.schoolwellnesspolicies.org/> (last visited November 13, 2006).+(last+visited+November+13,+2006).>Google Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics, “Prevention of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity: Policy Statement,” Pediatrics 112 (2003): 424430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, S. E., Dietz, W. H., Klish, W. J., and Trowbridge, F. L., “Medical Evaluation of Overweight Children and Adolescents: Reports from Pediatricians, Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, and Registered Dietitians,” Pediatrics 110 (2002): 222228.Google Scholar
Galuska, D. A., Fulton, J. E., Powell, K. E., Burgeson, C. R., Pratt, M., Elster, A., and Griesemer, B. A., “Pediatrician Counseling about Preventive Health Topics: Results from the Physicians' Practices Survey, 1998–1999,” Pediatrics 109 (2002): e83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See A.A.P., supra note 76.Google Scholar
See D.H.H.S., supra note 3.Google Scholar
Maternal and Child Health Bureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Title V History,” available at <https://perfdata.hrsa.gov/mchb/mchreports/LEARN_More/Title_V_History/title_v_history.asp> (last visited November 13, 2006).+(last+visited+November+13,+2006).>Google Scholar
Strickland, B., McPherson, M., Weissman, G., van Dyck, P., Huang, Z. J., and Newacheck, P., “Access to the Medical Home: Results of the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs,” Pediatrics 113 (2004): 14851492.Google Scholar
See Minihan, supra note 50.Google Scholar
Green, M. and Palfrey, J. S., Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents (Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000): vi.Google Scholar
See Minihan, supra note 50.Google Scholar
Jackson, R. J., “The Impact of the Built Environment on Health: An Emerging Field,” American Journal of Public Health 93 (2003): 13821384; Gordon-Larsen, P., Nelson, M. C., Page, P., Popkin, B. M., “Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity,” Pediatrics 117 (2006): 417424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The National Center on Physical Activity and Disability, NCPAD, available at <http://www.ncpad.org> (last visited November 13, 2006).+(last+visited+November+13,+2006).>Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “BAM: Body and Mind,” available at <http://www.bam.gov/sub_physicalactivity/physicalactivity_meetchallenge.html> (last visited November 13, 2006).+(last+visited+November+13,+2006).>Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Office on Disability, “Physical Fitness and Health: (I Can Do It, You Can Do It),” available at <http://www.hhs.gov/od/physicalfitness.html> (last visited November 13, 2006).+(last+visited+November+13,+2006).>Google Scholar
See Minihan, supra note 50.Google Scholar
See D.H.H.S., supra note 3.Google Scholar
See A.A.P., supra note 76.Google Scholar
See Steele, supra note 47.Google Scholar
See Child Nutrition, supra note 74.Google Scholar
The Family Opportunity Act (The Dylan Lee James Act), S. 183, U.S. Senate, 2005.Google Scholar
See Roberts, supra note 36.Google Scholar
Hardin, B., Hardin, M., Lynn, S., and Walsdorf, K., “Missing in Action? Images of Disability in Sports Illustratedfor Kids,” Disability Studies Quarterly 21 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar