Summary
Cleft palate is the most common craniofacial anomaly. Affected individuals require extensive medical and psychosocial support. Although cleft plate has a complex and poorly understood etiology, low maternal folate is known to be a risk factor for craniofacial anomalies. Folate deficiency results in elevated homocysteine levels, which may disturb palatogenesis by several mechanism, including oxidative stress and perturbation of matrix metabolism. We examined the effect of homocysteine-induced oxidative stress on human embryonic palatal mesenchyme (HEPM) cells and demonstrated that biologically relevant levels of homocysteine (20–100 μM) with copper (10 μM) resulted in dose-dependant apoptosis, which was prevented by addition of catalase but not superoxide dismutase. Incubation of murine palates in organ culture with homocysteine (100 μM) and CuSO4 (10 μM) resulted in a decrease in palate fusion, which was not significant. Gelatin gel zymograms of HEPM cell-conditioned media and extracts of cultured murine palates, however, showed no change in the expression or activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 with homocysteine (20 μM-1 mM) with or without CuSO4 (10 μM). We have demonstrated that biologically relevant levels of homocysteine in combination with copper can results in apoptosis as a result of oxidative stress; therefore, homocysteine has the potential to disrupt normal palate development.
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Knott, L., Hartridge, T., Brown, N.L. et al. Homocystein oxidation and apoptosis: A potential cause of cleft palate. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal 39, 98–105 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1290/1543-706X(2003)039<0098:HOAAAP>2.0.CO;2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1290/1543-706X(2003)039<0098:HOAAAP>2.0.CO;2