Figures
Abstract
Background
Recent studies demonstrated an association of STAT4 variants with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), indicating that multiple autoimmune diseases share common susceptibility genes. We therefore investigated the influence of STAT4 variants on the susceptibility and phenotype of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in a large patient and control cohort.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Genomic DNA from 2704 individuals of Caucasian origin including 857 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 464 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 1383 healthy, unrelated controls was analyzed for seven SNPs in the STAT4 gene (rs11889341, rs7574865, rs7568275, rs8179673, rs10181656, rs7582694, rs10174238). In addition, a detailed genotype-phenotype analysis was performed. Our analysis revealed an association of the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 with overall decreased susceptibility to CD (p = 0.047, OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.74–0.99]). However, compared to CD patients carrying the wild type genotype, the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 was significantly associated with early CD onset (p = 0.021) and colonic CD (p = 0.008; OR = 4.60, 95% CI 1.63–12.96). For two other STAT4 variants, there was a trend towards protection against CD susceptibility (rs7568275, p = 0.058, OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.74–1.00]; rs10174238, p = 0.057, OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.75–1.00]). In contrast, we did not observe any association with UC susceptibility. Evidence for weak gene-gene interaction of STAT4 with the IL23R SNP rs11209026 was lost after Bonferroni correction.
Citation: Glas J, Seiderer J, Nagy M, Fries C, Beigel F, Weidinger M, et al. (2010) Evidence for STAT4 as a Common Autoimmune Gene: rs7574865 Is Associated with Colonic Crohn's Disease and Early Disease Onset. PLoS ONE 5(4): e10373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010373
Editor: Derya Unutmaz, New York University, United States of America
Received: March 7, 2010; Accepted: April 1, 2010; Published: April 29, 2010
Copyright: © 2010 Glas et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: J. Glas was supported by a grant from the Broad Medical Foundation (IBD-0126R2). J. Seiderer and J. Diegelmann were supported by grants from the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (FöFoLe Nr. 422; Habilitationsstipendium, LMUExcellent to J.S. and Promotionsstipendium to J.D.); J. Seiderer was also supported by the Robert-Bosch-Foundation and the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (81/08//EKMS08/01). S. Brand was supported by grants from the DFG (BR 1912/5-1), the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (Else Kröner Fresenius Memorial Stipendium 2005; P50/05/EKMS05/62), by the Ludwig-Demling Grant 2007 from DCCV e.V., and by grants of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (Excellence Initiative, Investment Funds 2008 and FöFoLe program). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The precise etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not completely understood but accumulating data on genetic risk factors, including genome-wide association studies, have significantly advanced our understanding of its pathogenesis. [1], [2] During the last decade, substantial progress has been made in identifying susceptibility genes for Crohn's disease (CD) involved in innate immunity (particularly genetic variants in the NOD2/CARD15 region) [3]–[7] and autophagy (variants in the ATG16L1 [8]–[11] and IRGM region) [12] as well as in the proinflammatory IL-23 [13], [14] and T-helper cell type 17 (Th17) pathway, [15], [16] highlighting the complex interaction between gut homeostasis, bacterial recognition and proinflammatory mucosal immune response in IBD. Moreover, it is now clear that adaptive immune responses involved in the IBD pathogenesis are more complex than the traditional dichotomous Th1/Th2 paradigm. Particularly the identification of the IL-23-Th17 pathway highlights the importance of T-cell differentiation in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis in the pathogenesis of both CD and ulcerative colitis (UC). [16]–[18]
STAT4 (signal transducers and activators of transcription-4) represents a transcription factor transducing IL-12-, IL-23-, and type 1 interferon-mediated signals into Th1 and Th17 differentiation, monocyte activation, and interferon-gamma production. [19]–[23] The requirement for STAT4-dependent cytokine regulation has well been replicated for the pathogenesis of autoimmune encephalomyelitis, [24], [25] rheumatoid arthritis, [26], [27] and also IBD, [28]–[30] highlighting a critical role for STAT4 in autoimmune diseases. [23] Previous studies demonstrated constitutive STAT4 activation in intestinal T cells of CD patients [28] and an increased expression and activation of IL-12-induced STAT4 signaling in the mucosa of patients with UC. [29] Interestingly, STAT4 isoforms differentially regulate Th1 cytokine production and thereby the severity of IBD. [30] Using a transfer colitis model, it has been shown that particularly STAT4beta promotes colonic inflammation and tissue destruction which correlates with STAT4 isoform-dependent expression of TNF-α and GM-CSF in vitro and in vivo. [30] A recent in vivo study [31] demonstrated an impaired development of human Th1 cells in patients with deficient expression of STAT4.
Investigating the genetic background of STAT4 regulation, very recent studies suggested a significant association of genetic variants in the STAT4 gene on chromosome 2q with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis [23], [27], [32], [33] as well as Sjögren's disease (SD), [34] systemic sclerosis, [23], [35] psoriasis [36] and also type-1 diabetes, [37] thus indicating common genetic and molecular pathways in multiple autoimmune diseases. In patients with IBD, there are so far only limited data including a study on 700 Spanish IBD patients reporting a significant association of the STAT4 variant rs7574865 with both susceptibility to CD and UC. [38] However, this association has not been replicated in larger patient cohorts of different ethnic origin and the phenotypic consequences are unknown so far. We therefore initiated a large genotype-phenotype analysis including 1321 Caucasian IBD patients (857 patients with CD, 464 patients with UC) and 1383 healthy, unrelated controls investigating genetic variants in STAT4 as potential susceptibility genes in IBD and potential phenotypic consequences.
Methods
Study population and assessment of disease phenotype
The study population (n = 2704) consisted of 1321 Caucasian IBD patients including 857 patients with CD, 464 patients with UC, and 1383 healthy, unrelated controls. Written, informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to the study. The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (Department of Medicine, Munich-Grosshadern) and adhered to the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects of the Helsinki Declaration (http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm). For the diagnosis of CD or UC, established diagnostic guidelines including endoscopic, radiological, and histopathological criteria were used. [39] Patients with CD were assessed according to the Montreal classification [40] based on age at diagnosis (A), location (L), and behaviour (B) of disease. In patients with UC, anatomic location was also assessed in accordance to the Montreal classification, using the criteria ulcerative proctitis (E1), left-sided UC (distal UC; E2), and extensive UC (pancolitis; E3). Patients with indeterminate colitis were excluded from the study. Phenotypic characteristics included demographic data and clinical parameters (behaviour and anatomic location of IBD, disease-related complications, previous surgery or immunosuppressive therapy) which were recorded by investigation of patient charts and a detailed questionnaire including an interview at time of enrolment. All phenotypic data were collected blind to the results of the genotypic data. The demographic characteristics of the IBD study population are summarized in Table 1.
DNA extraction and genotyping of the STAT4 variants
From all study participants, blood samples were taken and genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes using the DNA blood mini kit from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Seven STAT4 SNPs (rs11889341, rs7574865, rs7568275, rs8179673, rs10181656, rs7582694, rs10174238) were genotyped by PCR and melting curve analysis using a pair of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes in a LightCycler® 480 Instrument (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). The SNP selection was based on a previous study demonstrating significant associations of these SNPs with SLE and rheumatoid arthritis. [27] The donor fluorescent molecule (fluorescein) at 3′-end of the sensor probe is excited at its specific fluorescence excitation wavelength (533 nm) and the energy is transferred to the acceptor fluorescent molecule at the 5′-end (LightCycler Red 610, 640 or 670) of the anchor probe. The specific fluorescence signal emitted by the acceptor molecule is detected by the optical unit of the LightCycler 480 Instrument. The sensor probe is exactly matching to one allele of each SNP, preferentially to the rarer allele, whereas in the case of the other allele there is a mismatch resulting in a lower melting temperature. The total volume of the PCR was 5 µl containing 25 ng of genomic DNA, 1× Light Cycler 480 Genotyping Master (Roche Diagnostics), 2.5 pmol of each primer and 0.75 pmol of each FRET probe (TIB MOLBIOL, Berlin, Germany). In the case of rs11889341, rs7574865, rs7568275 and rs8179673, the concentration of the forward primer, and in the case of rs7582694, the concentration of the reverse primer, were reduced to 1.25 pmol. For rs10181656, the concentration of the forward primer, and for rs10174238 the concentration of the reverse primer, were reduced to 0.5 pmol. The PCR comprised an initial denaturation step (95°C for 10 min) and 45 cycles (95°C for 10°C sec, 60 for 10 sec, 72°C for 15 sec). The melting curve analysis comprised an initial denaturation step (95°C for 1 min), a step rapidly lowering the temperature to 40°C and holding for 2 min, and a heating step slowly (1 acquisition/°C) increasing the temperature up to 95°C and continuously measuring the fluorescence intensity. The results of melting curve analysis have been confirmed by analyzing two patient samples for each possible genotype using sequence analysis. For sequencing, the total volume of the PCR was 100 µl containing 250 ng of genomic DNA, 1× PCR-buffer (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), a final MgCl2 concentration of 1.5 mM, 0.2 mM of a dNTP-Mix (Sigma, Steinheim, Germany), 2.5 units of HotStar Plus Taq™ DNA polymerase (Qiagen) and 10 pmol of each primer (TIB MOLBIOL). The PCR comprised an initial denaturation step (95°C for 5 min), 35 cycles (denaturation at 94°C for 30 sec, primer annealing at 60°C for 30 sec, extension at 72°C for 30 sec) and a final extension step (72°C for 10 min). The PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced by a commercial sequencing company (Sequiserve, Vaterstetten, Germany). All sequences of primers and FRET probes and primer annealing temperatures used for genotyping and for sequence analysis are given in Tables 2 and 3. The genotype data for 10 IBD-associated IL23R SNPs (rs1004819, rs7517847, rs10489629, rs2201841, rs11465804, rs11209026 = p.Arg381Gln, rs1343151, rs10889677, rs11209032, rs1495965) were available from a previous study. [14]
Statistical analyses
For data evaluation, we used the SPSS 13.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.A.) and R-2.4.1. (http://cran.r-project.org). Each genetic marker was tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control population. Fisher's exact test was used for comparison between categorical variables, while Student's t test was applied for quantitative variables. Single-marker allelic tests were performed with Pearson's χ2 test. All tests were two-tailed, considering p-values<0.05 as significant. Odds ratios were calculated for the minor allele at each SNP. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons as indicated. LD was calculated using the library genetics implement in R (http://www.r-project.org). We also used R for interaction analysis using the allelic model. Haplotypes were calculated using a sliding-window approach varying the window size from 2 to 7 included SNPs and using the option “hap-logistic” as implemented in PLINK (http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/~purcell/plink/).
Results
The STAT4 SNP rs7574865 modulates susceptibility to CD but not to UC
In all three subgroups (CD, UC, and controls), the allele frequencies of the STAT4 SNPs rs11889341, rs7574865, rs7568275, rs8179673, rs10181656, rs7582694 and rs10174238 were in accordance with the predicted Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Table 4). Overall, we observed no significant differences in the frequencies of seven SNPs investigated in UC patients compared to healthy controls (Table 4). In patients with CD, the analysis revealed a significant association of the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 with decreased susceptibility to CD (p = 0.047, OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.74–0.99]) (Table 4); however, this significance would have been lost after Bonferroni correction, which has not been applied since all seven STAT4 SNP were in very strong linkage disequilibrium in all three subgroups of the study population (Supplemental Tables S1, S2, S3) as also described before [27]. Moreover, for two other variants there was a trend towards association with decreased CD susceptibility (rs7568275, p = 0.058, OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.74–1.00]; rs10174238, p = 0.057, OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.75–1.00]). For all other STAT4 SNPs investigated, we could not demonstrate significant differences comparing the allele frequencies of CD patients with those of healthy controls (Table 4). Moreover, analysis of haplotypes consisting of SNPs within the STAT4 gene did not detect any significant differences between CD and UC, respectively, when compared to the control group (Supplemental Tables S4 and S5).
Associations between STAT4 genotype status and the CD phenotype
Based on the significant association of the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 with the susceptibility to CD, we next performed a detailed genotype-phenotype analysis in a subgroup of n = 622 phenotypically well-characterized CD patients carrying SNP rs7574865. CD patients homozygous for rs7574865 showed a significant younger age at disease onset (23.2 years ±7.5) compared to wildtype patients (27.9 years ±12.3; p = 0.021) and also heterozygous patients (29.0 years ±12.4; p = 0.007). In addition, we observed significantly more male patients in the subcohort of homozygous carriers of the SNP rs7574865 compared to the wildtype patients (p = 0.040) and heterozygous patients (p = 0.005; Table 5). CD patients homozygous for rs7574865 were found to have significantly more frequent colonic disease compared to wildtype patients (p = 0.008) and heterozygous carriers (p = 0.033; Table 6). Moreover, none of the homozygous carriers demonstrated isolated CD of the terminal ileum. In contrast, the analysis revealed no significant associations with other phenotypic disease characteristics such as body mass index (BMI), incidence of stenoses and fistulas, use of immunosuppressive agents, or extraintestinal manifestations (Tables 5 and 6).
Analysis for epistasis with IL23R
Given that IL-23, a cytokine involved in Th17 cell differentiation, activates not only STAT3 but also to a lesser degree STAT4, we next investigated potential epistasis with the IBD susceptibility gene IL23R. Analysis for 10 SNPs in the IL23R region which have previously shown to significantly influence CD susceptibility [14] found weak interactions between the STAT4 SNPs rs8179673, rs7582694 and rs10174238 with the coding IL23R SNP rs11209026 = p.Arg181Gln in CD (Supplemental Table S6) but significance was lost after correction for multiple comparisons. Interestingly, similar to the effect of the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 shown in this study, the IL23R SNP rs11209026 is protective for CD susceptibility. However, none of the three STAT4 SNPs with epistasis to the IL23R SNP rs11209026 were independently associated with CD, although there was a trend for association of CD with rs10174238 (rs10174238: p = 0.057; rs8179673: p = 0.12; rs7582694: p = 0.15; Table 4). Furthermore, no significant interaction was observed between STAT4 and IL23R SNPs in UC (Supplemental Table S7).
Discussion
Here, we present the first detailed genotype-phenotype analysis of STAT4 gene variants in a large Caucasian IBD cohort. In line with previous reports of significant associations of genetic variants in the STAT4 gene with the risk for autoimmune diseases such as SLE, rheumatoid arthritis [23], [27], [32] and psoriasis, [23], [36] our study could identify the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 also to be associated with the susceptibility to CD. However, this association to CD did not reach the extent of significance or clinical relevance shown for other CD susceptibility genes such as NOD2/CARD15 and IL23R [5], [13], [14], [41]–[43]. For all other STAT4 gene variants investigated (rs11889341, rs7568275, rs8179673, rs10181656, rs7582694 and rs10174238), our analysis did not reveal any significant association with CD or UC susceptibility. However, there was a trend towards an association in the case of rs7568275 and rs10174238 in CD, which can be explained by the strong linkage disequilibrium between all seven STAT4 SNPs [27] investigated in our study. A smaller Spanish study including 700 IBD patients also reported a significant association of the STAT4 variant rs7574865 with CD susceptibility, although rs7574865 was in this study a risk allele and not protective [38]. In contrast, a very recent Korean study found no association of STAT4 SNPs with CD but a weak association of the STAT4 SNP rs925847 with susceptibility to UC (P = 0.025; OR = 0.63). [44] Similar to the findings in CD in our study, STAT4 was protective against UC in the Korean study. [44] In contrast, another very recent study from Spain found no association of the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 with CD and UC [45], while an extended meta-analysis showed a disease association of this SNP with UC and not CD in the Spanish population. [45] Considering the limited data of STAT4 gene variants in IBD patients and the conflicting results from the Spanish studies, the impact of STAT4 on IBD susceptibility seems to be much more limited than that of STAT3 variants.
In addition, this study demonstrated weak epistasis between the CD-protective IL23R variant rs11209026 with several STAT4 SNPs (Supplementary Table S6). However, none of these gene-gene interactions remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Interestingly, similar to our findings, opposing effects of STAT3 variants on different Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases have been reported. A very recent genome-wide association study identified STAT3 as a new susceptibility gene for multiple sclerosis (MS), a disorder in which the Th17 pathway plays a major role. [46] Remarkably, in MS, the G allele of the STAT3 SNP rs744166 is the risk allele, whereas in CD, the A allele has been found to increase disease susceptibility. [47] Thus, it is possible that a SNP can confer opposite effects in different disorders within the same pathway. Further genotype-phenotype studies in large patient cohorts of different ethnic origin will therefore be required before final conclusion on the influence of STAT4 on IBD susceptibility can be drawn.
In our study, CD patients homozygous for the SNP rs7574865 were significantly younger at disease onset compared to wildtype and heterozygous patients. Moreover, CD patients homozygous for rs7574865 were found to have significantly more frequent colonic disease compared to wildtype patients (p = 0.008) and heterozygous carriers (p = 0.033). It is therefore of special interest that particularly the STAT4 SNP rs7574865, which has previously shown to be the most significant SNP in the association studies for other IBD-associated autoimmune diseases such as SLE, rheumatoid arthritis [23], [27], [32] and Sjögren's disease, [23], [34] is associated with both CD susceptibility and CD phenotype. However, similar to STAT4, other IBD susceptibility genes such as IL23R, IL2/IL21, STAT3, and PTPN2 are associated with other autoimmune diseases. [48]–[53]
Regarding the disease-modifying effect of genetic variants in the STAT4 region on IBD observed in our study, one might hypothesize whether the STAT4 risk allele has different expression levels or functional effects in different effector cells. A recent study demonstrated a significant association of the STAT4 risk allele with overexpression of STAT4 in primary cells of mesenchymal origin such as osteoblasts but not in B cells. [54] This might indicate the potential presence of a tissue-specific intragenic enhancer and cell-type-specific effects of different STAT4 gene variants on STAT4 expression levels. This would be in line with previous studies demonstrating that STAT4 isoforms differentially regulate Th1 cytokine production with STAT4β promoting greater colonic inflammation and tissue destruction which correlates with STAT4 isoform-dependent expression of TNF-α and GM-CSF in vitro and in vivo, but not Th1 expression of IFN-γ or Th17 expression of IL-17. [30] Further investigations on the effect of genetic variants on the expression levels and splicing isoforms in both T cells and B cells as well as intestinal epithelial cells will therefore be necessary. Moreover, based on previous studies [55] reporting an increased sensitivity to IFN-α in lupus patients carrying the risk variant of STAT4, one might also speculate whether this mechanism might contribute to increased mucosal inflammation in IBD patients and to the response of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies.
In summary, our results identified the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 as a disease-modifying gene variant in CD. Homozygous carriers of the minor allele of rs7574865 have an earlier CD onset and more often colonic disease than carriers of the major allele. Further studies on expression and regulation of STAT4 in the intestinal mucosa will be required to investigate the functional consequences of STAT4 gene variants in more detail.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between STAT4 SNPs in controls. Values are given as D′/r2.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010373.s001
(0.12 MB DOC)
Table S2.
LD between STAT4 SNPs in CD patients. Values are given as D′/r2.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010373.s002
(0.12 MB DOC)
Table S3.
LD between STAT4 SNPs in UC patients. Values are given as D′/r2.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010373.s003
(0.12 MB DOC)
Table S4.
Haplotype analysis for STAT4 SNPs in the CD case-control cohort.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010373.s004
(0.12 MB DOC)
Table S5.
Haplotype analysis for STAT4 SNPs in the UC case-control cohort.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010373.s005
(0.12 MB DOC)
Table S6.
Epistasis between STAT4 and IL23R SNPs in the CD case-control cohort.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010373.s006
(0.17 MB DOC)
Table S7.
Epistasis between STAT4 and IL23R SNPs in the UC case-control cohort.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010373.s007
(0.16 MB DOC)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JG SB. Performed the experiments: JG MN CF PL. Analyzed the data: JG SP BMM DR SB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JG FB MW SP WK JTE PL MF BG TO JD SB. Wrote the paper: JG JS SB. Obtained funding for study: SB.
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