Figures
Abstract
Background
KIR2DS5 gene encodes an activating natural killer cell receptor whose ligand is not known. It was recently reported to affect the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Methodology/Principal Findings
In our studies on KIR2DS5 gene associations with human diseases, we compared the frequencies of this gene in patients and relevant controls. Typing for KIR2DS5 gene was performed by either individual or multiplex polymerase chain reactions which, when compared in the same samples, gave concordant results. We noted an apparently protective effect of KIR2DS5 gene presence in several clinical conditions, but not in others. Namely, this effect was observed in ankylosing spondylitis (p = 0.003, odds ratio [OR] = 0.47, confidence interval [CI] = 0.28–0.79), endometriosis (p = 0.03, OR = 0.25, CI = 0.07–0.82) and acute rejection of kidney graft (p = 0.0056, OR = 0.44, CI = 0.24–0.80), but not in non-small-cell lung carcinoma, rheumatoid arthritis, spontaneous abortion, or leukemia (all p>0.05). In addition, the simultaneous presence of KIR2DS5 gene and HLA-C C1 allotype exhibited an even stronger protective effect on ankylosing spondylitis (p = 0.0003, OR = 0.35, CI = 0.19–0.65), whereas a lack of KIR2DS5 and the presence of the HLA-C C2 allotype was associated with ankylosing spondylitis (p = 0.0017, OR = 1.92, CI = 1.28–2.89), whereas a lack of KIR2DS5 and presence of C1 allotype was associated with rheumatoid arthritis (p = 0.005, OR = 1.47, CI = 1.13–1.92). The presence of both KIR2DS5 and C1 seemed to protect from acute kidney graft rejection (p = 0.017, OR = 0.47, CI = 0.25–0.89), whereas lack of KIR2DS5 and presence of C2 seemed to favor rejection (p = 0.0015, OR = 2.13, CI = 1.34–3.37).
Citation: Nowak I, Majorczyk E, Wiśniewski A, Pawlik A, Magott-Procelewska M, Passowicz-Muszyńska E, et al. (2010) Does the KIR2DS5 Gene Protect from Some Human Diseases? PLoS ONE 5(8): e12381. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012381
Editor: Jacques Zimmer, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg
Received: March 29, 2010; Accepted: July 30, 2010; Published: August 26, 2010
Copyright: © 2010 Nowak et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by grants N402 078 31/2416, N401 077 31/1819, 2P05A 069 28, and 2 PO5B 155 28 from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Killer immunoglobulin-like two-domain short-tail receptor 5 (KIR2DS5) is a member of a large KIR family of cell-surface receptors expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and subpopulations of T lymphocytes. In contrast to long cytoplasmic tail-possessing KIRs (KIR2DL and KIR3DL), which inhibit cell activation upon ligand binding, KIRs with short cytoplasmic tails (KIR3DS1 and KIR2DS, including KIR2DS5) activate cells expressing them. Ligands (HLA class I molecules) are known only for some KIRs (HLA-C alleles from the C1 group [Asn80] for KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3; HLA-C alleles from the C2 group [Lys80] for KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS1; HLA-B from the Bw4 group for KIR3DL1 and possibly KIR3DS1; HLA-A*03, *11 for KIR3DL2), whereas no physiological ligands are known for the remaining KIRs, including KIR2DS5 [1], [2]. Nevertheless, the effects of KIR2DS5 gene presence or absence in the context of HLA-C C1 or C2 or both were recently observed in bone marrow transplantation [3]. Upon our studies on the associations of KIR genes with a panel of autoimmune, gynecological, and neoplastic diseases as well as in the acute rejection of kidney graft, we observed effects of KIR2DS5 gene and HLA-C C1 and C2 groups in some of these clinical situations. A protective effect of KIR2DS5 gene on susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris was already described elsewhere [4]. Other results are presented here.
Results
The frequencies of KIR2DS5 gene in autoimmune and neoplastic diseases as well as in renal transplant rejection were compared with its frequency in a representative population of 690 healthy unrelated Poles (Control I, see Materials and Methods). Significant differences were found in only two clinical situations, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and acute rejection of kidney graft (Table 1). In both instances a decrease in KIR2DS5 frequency was observed. However, only AS result was still significant after Bonferroni correction (pc = 0.033). No significance was found in comparisons between controls (Control I) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), stable kidney graft function, and neoplastic diseases such as non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
KIR2DS5 frequency in endometriosis was compared with that in healthy women who had delivered at least one healthy baby (Control II). Again, it was less frequent in the patients than in the controls (Table 1).
Women suffering from spontaneous abortion were compared with healthy women who had delivered at least two healthy children (Control III). No significant difference between these two groups was detected in frequencies of KIR2DS5 gene (Table 1).
HLA-C C1 and C2 phenotype and genotype frequencies were significantly different from controls in ankylosing spondylitis (i.e. a decrease in C1 frequency) (Table 2). Moreover, C1C2 heterozygosity was less frequent in non-small-cell lung carcinoma patients (significant difference from the control, Table 2). However, both differences lost significance after correction.
In addition, the analysis of combinations of the presence of KIR2DS5 with the two HLA-C groups revealed several interesting results (see Table 3 for raw data and Table 4 for statistical analysis). In KIR2DS5-positive AS patients the frequencies of the HLA-C C1 phenotype were significantly lower than in Control I, and this was the only result in Table 4 which persisted significant after correction (pc = 0.033). In AS, the C1C2 genotype was three times less frequent than in the controls. In contrast, the C2 phenotype frequency was decreased in endometriosis in comparison with Control II.
Similarly, in the absence of KIR2DS5, the C1 and C2 phenotypes were significantly associated with several clinical conditions. Thus C1 frequencies were increased in RA and kidney graft rejection, whereas those of C2 were increased in AS, and kidney rejection. C1C2 heterozygosity was increased in RA and kidney rejection.
No differences in the distributions of C1 and C2 phenotypes and genotypes combined with the presence or absence of KIR2DS5 were observed in kidney graft nonrejectors (Tables 3 and 4) or patients with malignancies (ALL, AML, CML, and NSCLC; data not shown). The same was true for spontaneous abortion couples compared with Control III (data not shown).
Discussion
Our results suggest that the presence of KIR2DS5 gene may protect against some clinical conditions. In addition to psoriasis vulgaris described earlier [4], such protection was observed in endometriosis, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute rejection of kidney graft. In women with endometriosis, in contrast to healthy ones, ectopic endometrium is thought to be inefficiently eliminated by NK cells which exhibit insufficient cytotoxic activity in these patients [5], [6]. Therefore, a contribution of activating KIR2DS5 receptor to protection against endometriosis seems likely.
In contrast, an explanation of the apparently paradoxical protective effect of a killer cell-activating receptor in autoimmune disease (ankylosing spondylitis) and acute transplant rejection is more difficult. NK cells have been postulated to contribute to allograft tolerance induction [7], [8]. Therefore we may speculate that the presence of KIR2DS5 contributes to the activation of NK cells, leading to a more efficient induction of tolerance and inhibition of allograft rejection and autoimmunity. In contrast, lack of KIR2DS5 would weaken NK cell activation, resulting in insufficient induction of tolerance and in the promotion of acute kidney allograft rejection or autoaggression, for example in ankylosing spondylitis. It should be noted here, however, that in HLA-B27-positive Chinese patients with ankylosing spondylitis, KIR2DS5 was associated rather with susceptibility than with protection compared with HLA-B27-positive controls [9], whereas it was not associated with this disease in HLA-unselected Chinese patients compared with unselected controls [10]. However, Chinese are genetically distant from Caucasians, as reflected, for example, by the difference in distribution of HLA-B27 subtypes (alleles) in these two populations [11], [12], and indeed, neither KIR3DL1/KIR3DS1 [13] nor KIR2DS5 [9] effects on AS in Chinese could be reproduced in some Caucasian populations [14], although they were observed in other Caucasians [15], [16]. In our study, we have not seen any association of KIR3DL1, putative receptor of HLA-B27 [17], [18], and only weak association of KIR3DS1, with ankylosing spondylitis (data not shown). This may speak against linkage disequilibrium (LD) of KIR2DS5 with other KIRs as a main cause of its protective effect in AS.
One might argue that the apparent effect of KIR2DS5 in other diseases might be caused by its LD with other KIR2D genes whose products bind HLA-C molecules, distinguishing between C1 and C2 epitopes [1], [2]. Indeed, kidney graft rejection seems to be associated in Poles with KIR2DS4 full length gene (our unpublished data), which is in negative LD with KIR2DS5 in many human populations including European Caucasians [19]. Therefore, the apparent protective effect of KIR2DS5 described here for kidney rejection may result from this LD. On the other hand, only KIR2DS5 gene was (negatively) associated with susceptibility to endometriosis, and KIR2DS4 deletion variant was less frequent in peritoneal form of this disease (our unpublished data). This finding speaks against LD as an explanation for KIR2DS5 protective effect in endometriosis because KIR2DS4 and KIR2DS5 are mutually exclusive in most haplotypes [19].
We also observed effects of HLA-C C1 and C2 genotypes in some diseases. We found an association with C2 homozygosity in ankylosing spondylitis, which seems to be concordant with results in Chinese, where an association of the HLA-Cw*02 allele (a member of the C2 group) with this disease was described [9]. We can not exclude LD of C2 with HLA-B27 as a main cause of this association, as most HLA-B*27 carriers in Caucasian populations have HLA-Cw*02 [20]. Another finding was that C1C2 heterozygosity seemed to protect from NSCLC. Although no data have been published on an association between NSCLC and HLA-C so far, we may speculate that the C1C2 genotype may allow for a wider spectrum of KIRs to contribute to control over cancer cells.
Additionally, we observed that in some diseases, the effect of C1 and C2 phenotypes or genotypes seemed to be detectable only in the absence of KIR2DS5 gene but was visible only in its presence in other diseases. However, these results are easily explainable by the protective effect of KIR2DS5 alone. For example, both the C1 and the C2 frequencies were reduced in AS patients positive for KIR2DS5, whereas both were increased in KIR2DS5-negative patients.
In summary, our results suggest protective effect of the presence of KIR2DS5 gene in ankylosing spondylitis, endometriosis and acute kidney graft rejection, independent from HLA-C. Some KIR2DS5-independent associations of ankylosing spondylitis and NSCLC with HLA-C C1 and/or C2 groups are also reported here. To our knowledge, this is the first report on possible associations of non-small cell lung cancer with KIR and HLA-C genes.
Materials and Methods
Participants
Three hundred and sixty-six patients with rheumatoid arthritis (280 women, 64 men; mean age, 57.8±12.3, range 22–90) were recruited from the inpatient and outpatient population of the Clinic of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, Autonomous Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland, and diagnosed according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology as described previously [21].
Two hundred and eighty patients (80 women and 200 men, mean age 62.06±9.3, range 35–87 years) with pathologically documented non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) were qualified in the Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, and in the Clinic of Lung and Thorax Neoplasms, Centre of Oncology – Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute, Warsaw. The diagnosis of lung cancer was based on positive histological or cytological examination (according to WHO criteria) [22]. A fibro-bronchoscopic examination was performed in all the patients, with harvesting of material for histological and cytological examination for establishing a diagnosis of NSCL. All participants underwent a sputum cytology survey as well. Advancement of the disease was determined according to the TNM staging system; thoracic computed tomography involving the upper abdomen was used for this purpose.
Two hundred and eighty-five adult cadaveric donor renal transplant recipients (123 women, 162 men; mean age, 43.43±11.44 years, range, 15–72) from the Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, who had undergone primary transplantation between 1989 and 2008 were included in the study; mean time of follow-up was 7 years. All patients received conventional immunosuppression: cyclosporine or tacrolimus in combination with azathioprine or mycofenolate mofetil and steroids. They were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of an acute rejection episode: 89 patients with an acute rejection episode and 196 patients without. Acute rejection was defined by an increase in serum creatinine level of at least 20% above the baseline measurements (not attributable to another cause) and confirmed by biopsy according to the Banff histopathological criteria [23]. Apart from three patients, all had a biopsy-confirmed acute rejection episode.
One hundred and fifteen patients (18 women, 83 men; age data for 101 patients were available: mean age, 36.7±14.5 years; range, 18–71) were diagnosed as definite ankylosing spondylitis in accordance with the modified New York classification criteria [24] at the Department of Rheumatology III, Silesian Hospital of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Ustroń, or at the Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Wrocław Medical University. Ninety percent of the patients were HLA-B*27 positive by either serological or genetic typing (data not shown), in agreement with other populations [12].
Ninety-six patients treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in the Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation of the Silesian Medical University in Katowice because of leukemia (53 women, 43men; mean age, 33.3±10.9 years; including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL, 22 patients, 11 women, 11 men; mean age, 27.4±9.7; acute myeloid leukemia, AML, 40 patients, 26 women, 14 men; mean age, 36.9±12.1; chronic myeloid leukemia, CML, 34 patients, 16 women, 18 men; mean age, 33.1 years) were described elsewhere [25].
Six hundred and ninety unrelated healthy volunteers (355 women, 335 men; mean age, 38.62±14.60, range, 19–56) were recruited in the years 2001–2008 by the Regional Center of Blood Transfusion, Wrocław, as well as by clinics of the Wrocław Medical University, the Medical University of Warsaw, and the Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin (Control I, used for the diseases mentioned above).
One hundred and fifty-three women with endometriosis (mean age 33.7±8.0, range 20–58 years) diagnosed at the First and Second Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, for pelvic pains, dysmenorrhea, and/or infertility were described in detail elsewhere [26]. Endometriosis had been confirmed and classified in these patients by both laparoscopic and histopathological examinations according to the revised American Fertility Society criteria [27]. Two hundred and thirteen healthy women who had given birth to at least one child were used as a control (Control II; this group included women from Control III described below and was included in Control I).
One hundred forty-nine couples (mean age of women: 32.44±4.21 years, range: 24–46) who had experienced spontaneous abortion (SA) were recruited for our study at the Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Łódź, the First Chair and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, and the Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań. The criteria for patient classification and inclusion were presented elsewhere [28]. For a control (“Control III”), 117 healthy couples (mean age of women: 31.37±6.36, range: 23–68 years) with at least two healthy-born children and no history of abortion were included (Wrocław Medical University and Medical University of Warsaw).
DNA isolation and KIR2DS5 and HLA-C C1/C2 group typing
Genomic DNA was isolated from venous blood as described elsewhere [21], [29]. KIR2DS5 was typed by either individual [29] or multiplex [30] polymerase chain reactions which, when compared in the same samples, gave concordant results. It should be noted here that our KIR typing is validated three times per year by the International KIR Exchange program organized by the Immunogenetics Center of the University of California at Los Angeles. HLA-C groups C1 and C2 were established as described by Frohn et al. [31].
Ethics
This project was accepted by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Warsaw, the Bioethics Committee of the Wrocław Medical University, the Bioethics Committee of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, the Bioethics Committee of the Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute in Łódź, the Bioethics Committee of the Silesian Medical University in Katowice, and the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Poznań. Signed informed consent was given by all participants. Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy has no Bioethic Committee for research on human materials, and our projects are evaluated by the Bioethics Committee of the Wrocław Medical University. The same applies to the Silesian Hospital of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation which needs approval from the Bioethics Committee of the Silesian Medical University in Katowice. Approval from the Bioethics Committee of the Institute of Oncology in Gliwice was not required, as no samples originated from that institution.
Statistical methods
Differences between controls, patients, and patient subgroups were estimated using the two-tailed Fisher's exact test and GraphPad InStat 3 software. A p value<0.05 was considered significant. The Bonferroni correction of p-values (if<0.05) was calculated for the number of comparisons (11 for Table 1, 45 for Table 2, and 70 for Table 3). Statistical power was calculated post-hoc for alpha error level = 0.05.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank our patients and healthy volunteers for donating blood for our study. We also thank Dr. Katarzyna Zajda for collection of patient blood samples and Agnieszka Kowal, Maciej Miazga and Marta Wagner for their generous help in KIR typing and data analysis. Technical assistance of Daria Gendosz and Elżbieta Wiśniewska is gratefully acknowledged.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: IN EM PK. Performed the experiments: IN EM AW WŁ. Analyzed the data: IN EM AW MMP SG PK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AP MMP EPM JM RP SG EB AZG AM HT AC MK MG JW PW DS JYS RJ MK. Wrote the paper: IN EM PK.
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