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Translating Basic Research into Clinical PracticeProbiotics and Lung Diseases
Section snippets
Allergy and Asthma
The microflora hypothesis proposes that perturbations in the GI microbiota, because of antibiotic use and dietary differences in industrialized countries, have disrupted the normal microbiota-mediated mechanisms of immunologic tolerance in the mucosa leading to an increase in the incidence of allergic disease, including asthma.1 Proof of principal has been provided in murine models, wherein antibiotic administration causes altered intestinal flora, impaired barrier function, diminished T helper
Tregs: Effectors of the Antiallergic Response?
Diverse populations of Tregs play an important role in regulating Th2 responses to allergen and maintaining functional tolerance. Tregs can be detected at sites of inflammation, and in many situations, their ability to migrate to and remain in inflamed tissue is important for their function in vivo. In rodent asthma models, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs are recruited into the lungs and draining lymph nodes and can suppress allergen-induced airway eosinophilia, mucous hypersecretion, and
Dendritic Cells: Key Translators of Microbial Signals
It is an attractive concept that by controlling the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), mucosal immune responses can be modulated. Given that DCs are pivotal in early bacterial recognition and can induce a range of Treg subtypes, there has, understandably, been great interest in interactions between commensal organisms and DCs.
Consequently it is becoming apparent that although Tregs may be major effectors of immune regulation mediated by probiotics, the functional changes in DCs
Probiotics and Lung Infection
The increase in antibiotic resistance and need for new and improved strategies to tackle infectious disease have led to an examination of the therapeutic potential of commensal induced modulation of the mucosal immune response. Consequently, it has been discovered that certain LAB do have protective effects against bacterial and viral infections in the GI and respiratory systems.24 Administration of probiotics has been associated with lower incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia,25
Challenges to Probiotic-Based Therapies
It is likely that the antiinflammatory efficacy of a probiotic results from a combination of signaling pathways activated as a result of a specific pattern of microbe-derived ligands interacting with the corresponding receptors on host cells (Fig 2). Little is known, however, concerning the nature of the probiotic-host cell interactions, or how these interactions could be manipulated to obtain stronger regulatory responses. Factors to be considered include localization of particular bacteria in
Conclusions
For the reasons outlined previously, the therapeutic efficacy of live probiotic strains may be limited. However, alternative approaches may be developed. To date a number of microbial cell wall components, including polysaccharides50 and lipoteichoic acids,51 as well as potential secreted products,52 have been identified as being critical to the immunoregulatory effects of certain bacteria and/or to mimic the effect of whole organisms, including the ability to attenuate the allergic airway
Acknowledgments
Financial/nonfinancial disclosures: The author has reported to CHEST that no potential conflicts of interest exist with any companies/organizations whose products or services may be discussed in this article.
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2022, Microbial PathogenesisCitation Excerpt :The relationship between gut microbiota and lung inflammation shows that probiotics and their metabolites interact with innate immunity cells into gut inducing its immunomodulatory effect dependent on IL-10-secreting Treg cells [29–31] and thus attenuate inflammation signals in other organs. There is an old notion that previous use of probiotics can ensure a better immune system response against infectious agents [32,33]. Despite this, the preventive strategies with probiotics have been controversial with regard to the time required for probiotic to induce its immunomodulatory effect via IL-10 secretion from Treg cells.
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2022, Probiotics in the Prevention and Management of Human Diseases: A Scientific Perspective
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