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Critical Reviews™ in Immunology

Published 6 issues per year

ISSN Print: 1040-8401

ISSN Online: 2162-6472

The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) IF: 1.3 To calculate the five year Impact Factor, citations are counted in 2017 to the previous five years and divided by the source items published in the previous five years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) 5-Year IF: 2.6 The Eigenfactor score, developed by Jevin West and Carl Bergstrom at the University of Washington, is a rating of the total importance of a scientific journal. Journals are rated according to the number of incoming citations, with citations from highly ranked journals weighted to make a larger contribution to the eigenfactor than those from poorly ranked journals. Eigenfactor: 0.00079 The Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) is a single measurement of the field-normalized citation impact of journals in the Web of Science Core Collection across disciplines. The key words here are that the metric is normalized and cross-disciplinary. JCI: 0.24 SJR: 0.429 SNIP: 0.287 CiteScore™:: 2.7 H-Index: 81

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Immune-Potentiating Effects of the Chemotherapeutic Drug Cyclophosphamide

Volume 28, Issue 2, 2008, pp. 109-126
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v28.i2.20
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ABSTRACT

Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is an alkylating cytotoxic drug that primarily affects proliferating lymphocytes. CTX has been extensively used as a chemotherapeutic and disease-modifying agent against certain solid tumors, lymphomas, and some autoimmune conditions. Depending on its dose and timing of administration, CTX can also enhance immune responses. These opposing immune functions of CTX have been investigated in numerous animal models and recent clinical studies. Administration of CTX augments delayed type 1 hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, can precipitate type 1 diabetes, and boosts antitumor responses in both vaccination and adoptive cell transfer models. Although the mechanisms by which CTX elicits these effects are not fully understood, CTX treatment has a differential effect on lymphocyte compartments, rapidly depleting B and T cells. This is followed by a recovery phase characterized by extensive proliferation and bone marrow mobilization. The proposed underlying mechanisms of augmentation of immune responses include the facilitation of homing and homeostatic proliferation by the creation of space, the skewing of Th2/Th1 responses due to the “cytokine storm” during the recovery phase, and the removal or inhibition of a suppressor cell population. With the identification of naturally occurring and peripheral regulatory T cells, recent studies have re-evaluated these hypotheses and suggest that CTX inhibits the function of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. In this review, we critically evaluate relevant historical and recent data on CTX-mediated immunomodulation and discuss the resulting implications for immunotherapy.

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