Abstract
Andean South America, including the adjacent lowland environments, can be evaluated in reference to the patterns and processes that characterize plant diversity, evolution, and distribution. Although its ecological complexity is bewildering and the evolutionary and geological history is convoluted and poorly understood, progress can be made by testing the relationship of known processes and paleoevents to patterns of diversification and distribution.
Plant diversity patterns can be quantified and mapped in order to permit the study of linkages to environmental parameters and to past speciation and extinction processes. Such studies show the importance of dispersal barriers and long altitudinal gradients for the evolution of Andean plants. Phylogenetic studies allow for the tying of these processes to the timing of connections from the Andes to adjacent tropical forests, grasslands, and deserts, to other highlands in South America, or to other continents. They can also reveal temporal relationships among a variety of plant lineages, allowing for the identification of basal groups, of paleoendemics, and of the recently derived neoendemics. The special places in South America that have high representation of these restricted-range taxa can be better understood as a result. In the Andean context, these are often located in isolated habitat islands, with moisture regimes ranging from arid to perhumid.
These patterns allow the development of conservation actions that respond to the presence of special places for plant diversification and of special species that require immediate attention. Further research will include the documentation of patterns at ever-finer spatial resolutions, to better match our biodiversity databases with the topographical and ecological features found in South America. The phylogenetics of plant molecular and morphological characters provide a necessary evolutionary framework that can then be compared to processes identified as important among animal and fungi lineages. For Andean South America, coevolution of plant and animal species is an important source of additional complexity, while trends of evolution to occupy drier and/or higher environments appear in numerous lineages. Anthropogenic influences on these patterns and processes are little understood, but humans have affected and will continue to shape the composition, diversity, and geography of South American biota.
Resumen
La Sudamérica andina, y los ambientes adyacentes de las tierras bajas, pueden evaluarse con referencia a los patrones y procesos que caracterizan la diversidad, evolución, y distribución de sus plantas. Si bien existe una complejidad ecológica desconcertante y la historia evolutiva y geológica es convoluta y poco entendida, se puede progresar por medio del estudio de las relaciones de los procesos conocidos y los paleoeventos con patrones de diversificación y distribución.
Los patrones de la diversidad de plantas se pueden cuantificar e ilustrar en mapas para permitir el estudio de los enlaces con los parámetros medioambientales y con los procesos pasados de especiación y extinción. Tales estudios muestran la importancia de las barreras de dispersión y los gradientes altitudinales grandes para la evolución de las plantas andinas. Los estudios filogenéticos permiten enlazar estos procesos a la secuencia de eventos relacionada a la conexión de los Andes con los bosques tropicales adyacentes, los pajonales y desiertos, con otras áreas montañosas de Sudamérica, o con otros continentes. También pueden revelar las relaciones temporales entre una variedad de linajes de plantas, permitiendo la identificación de grupos basales, de paleoendémicos, y de los neoendémicos derivados recientemente. Como resultado se puede entender mejor los sitios especiales en Sudamérica que tienen una representación alta de estos taxones con áreas de distribución restringidas. En el contexto andino, estos sitios se encuentran a menudo en hábitats de islas aisladas, con regímenes de humedad que varían de árido a perhúmedo.
Estos patrones permiten el desarrollo de acciones de conservación que responden a la presencia de sitios especiales para la diversificación de las plantas y de especies especiales que requieren una atención inmediata. Investigación más a fondo induirá la documentación de patrones a resoluciones espaciales más finas, para una mejor comparación de nuestras bases de datos de biodiversidad con las caracteristícas topográficas y ecológicas que se encuentran en Sudamérica. La filogenia de los carácteres moleculares y morfológicos de las plantas proveen un marco evolutivo necesario que se podría comparar con los procesos de identificados en linajes de animales y hongos. Para la Sudamérica andina, la coevolución entre las especies de plantas y animales es una fuente importante de complejidad adicional, mientras que la tendencia evolutiva a ocupar ambientes más secos y/o más altos aparece en varios linajes. La influencia humana sobre estos patrones y procesos es poco entendida, pero ha afectado y continuará influenciando la composición, la diversidad, y la geografía de la biota sudamericana.
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An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0424:E]2.0.CO;2.
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Young, K.R., Ulloa, C.U., Luteyn, J.L. et al. Plant evolution and endemism in Andean South America: An introduction. Bot. Rev 68, 4–21 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0004:PEAEIA]2.0.CO;2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0004:PEAEIA]2.0.CO;2