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Dynamic Modelling of Infectious Diseases

An Application to the Economic Evaluation of Influenza Vaccination

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Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the economic efficiency of influenza vaccination using both dynamic and static modelling approaches.

Setting

The Spanish National Health System.

Design and methods

We modelled the progress of an influenza epidemic in Spain according to the epidemiological pattern of susceptible?infective?resistant, employing a non-linear system of ordinary differential equations that enables the measurement of epidemiological effects of an anti-influenza vaccination. We used a decision tree to represent the repercussion on healthcare resources use and on financial resources. The same analyses were conducted using a static approach, and the results were compared. Healthcare costs were valued in €, year 2005 values.

Results

For the base case, the impact of the healthcare intervention (vaccination) was not efficient from the perspective of the healthcare payer when using a static approach (return rate 0.28 per € invested in vaccination). Nevertheless, it was efficient when employing a dynamic approach (return rate 1.22 per €). Furthermore, a considerable freeing of healthcare resources would have been produced over the entire influenza season.

Conclusions

The indirect effect of vaccination on the non-vaccinated individuals (the ‘herd immunity effect’) can be greater than the direct effect on individuals vaccinated. This implies that the herd immunity effect needs to be taken into consideration in the economic evaluations of prophylactic measures employed against infectious diseases.

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Acknowledgements

Editorial assistance was provided by Dr Peter R. Turner of t-SciMed (Reus, Spain). A previous version of the static model included in this text was developed with the support of a grant received from Solvay Pharma to study the efficiency of influenza vaccination. This current work was partially supported by a grant from the Riojan Regional Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro Sagrado Corazón, Logroño, Spain

    Roberto Pradas-Velasco

  2. Universidad de la Rioja, Logroño, Spain

    Roberto Pradas-Velasco &  Fernando Antoñanzas-Villar

  3. Consejería de Salud del Gobierno de la Rioja, Logroño, Spain

    María Puy Martínez-Zárate

Authors
  1. Roberto Pradas-Velasco
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  2. Fernando Antoñanzas-Villar
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  3. María Puy Martínez-Zárate
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Correspondence to Fernando Antoñanzas-Villar.

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Pradas-Velasco, R., Antoñanzas-Villar, F. & Martínez-Zárate, M.P. Dynamic Modelling of Infectious Diseases. Pharmacoeconomics 26, 45–56 (2008). https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200826010-00005

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