A Membrane is Born: Origin of the Autophagosomal Compartment

R.      D. Militello; M.      I. Colombo

Abstract

Autophagy is one of the major catabolic processes present in eukaryotic cells, conserved through evolution, by which damaged or superfluous organelles are degraded in response to different stimuli. A hallmark of the autophagic pathway is the formation of double or multiple layered membranes that engulf the material to be finally degraded in the lysosomes. Despite enormous advances in the last few years to understand the autophagic process at the molecular level, the origin of the sequestering membrane has remained elusive for more than forty years and it is still a matter of debate. In this review we have summarized recent experimental evidence indicating that more than one membrane source may exist. Even though de novo formation or assembly of the isolation membrane has been proposed, recent data points to the participation of specific organelles in the biogenesis of the sequestering membrane.

Keywords: Autophagy, autophagosome biogenesis, endoplasmic reticulum, Atgs, LC3, autolysosome, phagophore, infection, adaptive immunity, neurodegenerative diseases, Crohn's disease, omegasome, DFCP1, biogenesis, electron tomography