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Human immunodeficiency virus-1 evolutionary patterns associated with pathogenic processes in the brain

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Abstract

The interplay between pathology and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expansion in brain tissues has not been thoroughly assessed in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is marked by progressive brain infection due to recruitment and migration of macrophages in brain tissues; however, the cellular and viral events occurring prior to HAD development and death are under debate. In this study, 66 brain tissues from 11 autopsies were analyzed to assess HIV-1 DNA concentration in brain tissues. In most patients without HAD, it was impossible to amplify HIV-1 from brain tissues. Amplifiable DNA was obtained from three cases of patients on HAART who died due to primary pathology other than HAD: (1) cardiovascular disease, a disease associated with HAART therapy; (2) bacterial infections, including Mycobacterium avium complex, rapid occurrence of extreme dementia; and (3) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lymphoma with meningeal involvement. HIV-1 DNA was also amplified from multiple tissues of two HAD patients. Analysis of HIV-1 nef, gp120, and gp41 sequences showed reduced viral evolution within brain tissues for the non-HAD cases relative to patients with clinical and histological HAD. The present study is the first to show a potential correlation between HIV-1 evolutionary patterns in the brain and different neuropathologies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BioInfoExperts, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA

    Susanna L. Lamers

  2. Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Marco Salemi & Rebecca Gray

  3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Positive Health Program, University of California, 94110, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Derek C. Galligan, Alanna Morris & Michael S. McGrath

  4. Natural Selection Inc., San Diego, California, USA

    Gary Fogel

  5. The Department of Toxicology, Shandong University, Jinan, China

    Li Zhao

  6. The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Michael S. McGrath

Authors
  1. Susanna L. Lamers
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  2. Marco Salemi
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  3. Derek C. Galligan
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  4. Alanna Morris
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  5. Rebecca Gray
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  6. Gary Fogel
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  7. Li Zhao
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  8. Michael S. McGrath
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Correspondence to Michael S. McGrath.

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Lamers, S.L., Salemi, M., Galligan, D.C. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 evolutionary patterns associated with pathogenic processes in the brain. Journal of NeuroVirology 16, 230–241 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3109/13550281003735709

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/13550281003735709

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