Brief Article Open Access
Copyright ©2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 28, 2009; 15(40): 5086-5090
Published online Oct 28, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.5086
Gastric leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: Multi-center retrospective analysis of 54 cases
Sung Yong Oh, Suee Lee, Sung-Hyun Kim, Hyuk-Chan Kwon, Hyo-Jin Kim, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Research Center for Cancer Molecular Therapy, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 602-715, South Korea
Su-Jin Lee, Jeeyun Lee, Ho Yeong Lim, Young Suk Park, Won Ki Kang, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
Gyeong-Won Lee, Jung Hun Kang, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, South Korea
In Gyu Hwang, Joung-Soon Jang, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 140-757, South Korea
Author contributions: Oh SY and Lee SJ carried out data analysis and wrote the manuscript; Kim SH, Kwon HC, Lee S, Lee GW, Hwang IG and Lim HY participated in data collection and drafted the manuscript; Lee J, Kang JH, Jang JS and Park YS carried out data collection and interpretation; Kang WK and Kim HJ designed the study protocol and participated in reviewing the manuscript.
Supported by The Dong-A University Research Fund and the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST; R13-2002-044-05001-0)
Correspondence to: Hyo-Jin Kim, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 3-1 Dongdaeshin-dong, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, South Korea. kimhj@dau.ac.kr
Telephone: +82-51-2402951 Fax: +82-51-2465044
Received: July 13, 2009
Revised: September 18, 2009
Accepted: September 25, 2009
Published online: October 28, 2009

Abstract

AIM: To identify the clinical features and outcomes of infrequently reported leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) of gastric cancer.

METHODS: We analyzed 54 cases of cytologically confirmed gastric LMC at four institutions from 1994 to 2007.

RESULTS: The male-to-female ratio was 32:22, and the patients ranged in age from 28 to 78 years (median, 48.5 years). The majority of patients had advanced disease at initial diagnosis of gastric cancer. The clinical or pathologic tumor, node and metastasis stage of the primary gastric cancer was IV in 38 patients (70%). The median interval from diagnosis of the primary malignancy to the diagnosis of LMC was 6.3 mo, ranging between 0 and 73.1 mo. Of the initial endoscopic findings for the 45 available patients, 23 (51%) of the patients were Bormann type III and 15 (33%) patients were Bormann type IV. Pathologically, 94% of cases proved to be poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell component was also observed in 40% of patients. Headache (85%) and nausea/vomiting (58%) were the most common presenting symptoms of LMC. A gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was conducted in 51 patients. Leptomeningeal enhancement was noted in 45 cases (82%). Intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy was administered to 36 patients-primarily methotrexate alone (61%), but also in combination with hydrocortisone/± Ara-C (39%). The median number of IT treatments was 7 (range, 1-18). Concomitant radiotherapy was administered to 18 patients, and concomitant chemotherapy to seven patients. Seventeen patients (46%) achieved cytological negative conversion. Median overall survival duration from the diagnosis of LMC was 6.7 wk (95% CI: 4.3-9.1 wk). In the univariate analysis of survival duration, hemoglobin, IT chemotherapy, and cytological negative conversion showed superior survival duration (P = 0.038, P = 0.010, and P = 0.002, respectively). However, in our multivariate analysis, only cytological negative conversion was predictive of relatively longer survival duration (3.6, 6.7 and 14.6 wk, P = 0.030, RR: 0.415, 95% CI: 0.188-0.918).

CONCLUSION: Although these patients had a fatal clinical course, cytologic negative conversion by IT chemotherapy may improve survival.

Key Words: Carcinomatosis, Gastric cancer, Intrathecal chemotherapy, Leptomeningeal



INTRODUCTION
Table 1 Patients’ characteristics (n = 54).
No. of patientsn (%)
Gender
Male/female32 (59.3)/22 (40.7)
Age (yr)
Median (range)48 (28-78)
≥ 60/< 6015 (27.8)/39 (72.2)
Initial stage
 I-II2 (3.7)
III2 (3.7)
IV47 (87.0)
Not available3 (5.6)
Operation
Curative17 (31.5)
Palliative15 (27.8)
Inoperable18 (33.3)
Not available4 (7.5)
Initial endoscopic finding (n = 47)
Site
Cardia1 (1.9)
Fundus1 (1.9)
Body20 (37.0)
Antrum, pylorus16 (29.7)
Diffuse whole stomach9 (19.1)
Borrmann type (n = 45)
Early gastric cancer2 (4.4)
 I (polypoid)1 (2.2)
II (ulcerative)4 (8.9)
III (ucero-infiltrative)23 (51.2)
IV (diffuse infiltrative)15 (33.3)
Differentiation (n = 47)
Moderate3 (6.4)
Poor25 (53.2)
Poor with signet ring cell19 (40.4)
Figure 1
Figure 1 Median overall survival (OS) duration from diagnosis of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Median OS was 6.7 wk (95% CI: 4.3-9.1 wk).
Table 2 Patterns of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (n = 54).
n (%)
Time to LMC (mo)
Median (range)6.3 (0-73.1)
LMC presentation
Curative/recurred/progression7 (13.0)
Curative/recurred LMC10 (18.5)
Metastatic/progression32 (59.3)
Initially LMC5 (9.3)
Figure 2
Figure 2 Cytologically negative conversion proved predictive of relatively longer survival duration (P = 0. 030, RR: 0.415, 95% CI: 0.188-0.918).
Table 3 Symptoms of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (n = 54).
n (%)
Cerebral symptom
Headache46 (85.1)
Nausea & vomiting32 (59.2)
Dizziness13 (24.0)
Mental change12 (22.2)
Seizure10 (18.5)
Gait difficulty2 (3.7)
Dysarthria2 (3.7)
Psychosis1 (1.9)
Cranial symptom
Diplopia3 (5.6)
Hearing loss2 (3.7)
Facial palsy1 (1.9)
Ptosis1 (1.9)
Spinal symptom
Weakness5 (11.1)
Paresthesia2 (3.7)
Back pain1 (1.9)
Table 4 CSF finding of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.
CSFNo. of > WNL1mean ± SD
Pressure (mm CSF)29/50 (58.0%)222.1 ± 158.4
WBC (n/mm3)41/52 (78.8%)36.7 ± 59.0
Protein (mg/dL)28/52 (53.8%)129.5 ± 250.8
Table 5 Treatment with intrathecal chemotherapy (n = 36).
n (%)
Regimen
MTx22 (61.1)
MTx + steroid4 (11.1)
MTx + Ara-C + steroid10 (27.8)
Concurrent/sequential
+ alone16 (44.4)
+ radiotherapy13 (36.1)
+ chemotherapy2 (5.6)
+ chemoradiotherapy5 (13.9)
No. of cycles
Median (range)7 (1-18)
Cytological response
(-) conversion17 (47.2)
Table 6 Survival duration and prognostic factors.
FactorsMedian OS (mo)UnivariateMultivariate
Gender
Male7.10.491-
Female6.7
Age (yr)
> 6012.40.214-
≤ 606.4
PS (LMC)
0, 111.70.975-
≥ 26.4
Hb (LMC)
> 1112.40.038NS
≤ 115.7
MRI enhance
Negative5.70.316-
Positive7.1
CSF pressure
> 1206.40.163NS
≤ 1208.1
CSF protein
> 406.00.539-
≤ 4011.7
IT chemotherapy
No3.60.010NS
Yes11.7
Radiotherapy
No4.60.516-
Yes6.9
Cytologic response
No5.10.0020.030 (HR: 0.415, 95% CI: 0.188-0.918)
Yes14.6

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) is defined as malignant infiltration of the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane. LMC is one of the most serious complications that can occur in cancer patients[1]. According to the results of a large autopsy study, the incidence of LMC was 5%-8% in cancer patients[2]. As a significant proportion of these patients have asymptomatic microscopic disease, the clinical diagnosis of LMC has been established in 2%-4% of patients during the course of their malignancy[1]. LMC is frequently detected in patients with leukemia, breast cancer, lymphoma, and lung cancer[3]. Among solid tumors, LMC is observed more frequently in cases of disseminated and progressive disease. Although a subset of patients, particularly those with lymphoma or breast cancer, may survive for more than 12 mo with a reasonable quality of life, leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors is associated with a poor overall prognosis. The treatment of LMC is palliative and unsatisfactory. No evidence demonstrating the superiority of intrathecal (IT) treatment compared to best palliative care is currently available from clinical trials.

Furthermore, the development of LMC from a gastric cancer is a very rare occurrence. Some articles have reported that the incidence of LMC in patients with gastric cancer was responsible for 0.16% of all cases of gastric cancer[4]. Due to its rarity, the clinical features and prognostic factors of LMC as a metastasis from gastric carcinoma have yet to be clearly characterized. The benefits of IT chemotherapy are also currently a matter of some contention.

Gastric cancer is the most common malignancy in Korea[5]. Because of the high prevalence of gastric cancer in Korea, we took the opportunity to study gastric cancer patients with LMC. The principal objective of this study was to review our experience with LMC associated with gastric cancer, and to evaluate its clinical features and the efficacy of a variety of treatment modalities in terms of neurological status and overall survival (OS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients

From 1995 to 2007, 22 154 patients were diagnosed with gastric cancer at four independent institutions. Among them, 54 patients who were diagnosed with leptomeningeal seeding metastasis of gastric cancer were analyzed. Although it is not representative of the cohort of patients, the prevalence of LMC was 0.24%.

Eligibility for this study included: (1) patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the stomach; (2) cytologically confirmed malignancy on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, patients with suspected LMC by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and negative cytology were excluded; (3) no history of any other malignancies.

We retrospectively analyzed the patients’ medical records including the patients’ characteristics, clinical symptoms, laboratory and radiologic findings, treatment modality and outcomes, final follow-up, and survival duration.

Statistical analysis

Comparisons of categorical variables among groups were conducted using the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. OS was calculated from the cytological confirmation of LMC and plotted via the Kaplan-Meier method. Comparison of survival according to prognostic factors was evaluated via a log-rank test, and forward stepwise Cox proportional hazard models were employed to evaluate the joint effect of predictive variables. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS for Windows V. 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical software.

RESULTS
Patients’ characteristics

We analyzed 54 cases of cytologically confirmed gastric LMC at four institutions from 1994 to 2007. The clinical characteristics of these patients are summarized in Table 1. The male-to-female ratio was 32:22, and patients ranged in age from 28 to 78 years (median, 48.5 years). The majority of patients had advanced disease at initial diagnosis of gastric cancer. The clinical or pathologic tumor, node and metastasis stage of the primary gastric cancer was IV in 47 patients (87%). Stage I-III patients received curative operation. Among the stage IV patients, 13 patients had T4N1-2 or N3 (No. of nodes > 15) by pathologic features through curative operation. M1 node positive patients were counted as palliative surgery. Of the initial endoscopic findings in the available 45 patients, Bormann type III and IV were reported for 23 (51%) and 15 (33%) patients, respectively. Pathologically, 94% of cases proved to be poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell component was also observed in 40% of patients.

LMC patterns

The median interval from diagnosis of the primary gastric cancer to the diagnosis of LMC was 6.3 mo, ranging from 0 to 73.1 mo. Five patients presented with initial LMC. The majority of patients (59.3%) initially presented with metastatic gastric cancer without LMC, and then progressed to LMC. One-third of the patients presented with curable disease at the initial diagnosis of gastric cancer (Table 2).

Clinical symptoms

The most frequently observed presenting symptoms of LMC were nonspecific symptoms such as headache (85%) and nausea/vomiting (58%). In addition, various neurological clinical signs and symptoms were noted including altered mental status, seizure, motor weakness, sensory change, diplopia, hearing loss, and facial palsy (Table 3).

CSF analysis and image findings

Lumbar puncture and analysis of CSF is a crucial laboratory test in the diagnosis of LMC. All the patients presented with malignant cells on cytological analysis via the inclusion criteria. An elevated opening pressure on lumbar puncture was noted in 58% of the subjects. The mean CSF pressure in the patients was 222.1 mm CSF. 78.8% and 53.8% of patients had elevated white blood cells and protein in CSF, respectively (Table 4).

Brain computed tomography was assessed in eight patients and leptomeningeal enhancement was observed only in one patient. A gadolinium-enhanced MRI was conducted in 51 patients. Leptomeningeal enhancement was noted in 45 cases (82%).

Treatment modalities and outcomes

IT chemotherapy was administered to 36 patients, principally with methotrexate (MTx) alone (61%) or in combination with hydrocortisone/± Ara-C (41%). The median number of IT treatments was 7 (range, 1-18). Seventeen patients (46%) achieved cytological negative conversion (Table 5).

Thirteen patients were treated with whole brain irradiation coupled with IT chemotherapy. 6 patients received radiation treatment alone.

Additional systemic chemotherapy was given to 10 patients. Three patients were treated with the orally available 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) drugs - capecitabine, S-1, and tegafur-uracil. Irinotecan/leucovorin/5-FU, 5-FU/cisplatin, and paclitaxel/cisplatin were administered to four, two and one patients, respectively. Seven patients were treated with chemotherapy plus IT chemotherapy. Three patients received chemotherapy alone. The median number of cycles administered was 2 (range, 1-6). Among the treated patients, only one exhibited a detectable response to treatment.

Survival and prognostic factors

Median OS duration from diagnosis of LMC was 6.7 wk (95% CI: 4.3-9.1 wk) (Figure 1). In the univariate analysis of survival duration, hemoglobin, IT chemotherapy, and cytologic negative conversion showed superior survival duration (P = 0.038, P = 0.010, and P = 0.002, respectively). However, in the multivariate analysis, only cytologic negative conversion was predictive of relatively longer survival duration (3.6, 6.7 and 14.6 wk, P = 0.030, RR: 0.415, 95% CI: 0.188-0.918) (Table 6, Figure 2).

DISCUSSION

Adenocarcinoma is the predominant histological type in LMC of solid tumors[6]. Among patients diagnosed with LMC, the most frequently encountered solid tumors are breast (12%-34%), lung (14%-29%), and melanoma (17%-25%)[3]. Unlike Western reports, gastric cancer is the principal etiology of LMC in solid tumors in Korea[7].

CNS metastasis is a very rare complication of gastric cancer, and occurs in 0.16%-0.69% of gastric cancer patients in general, including Korean reports[4,8,9]. Although all the included patients demonstrated CSF cytologically confirmed malignancy, the prevalence of LMC in this study was 0.24% in all gastric cancer patients.

Consistent with other studies, the majority of patients had Bormann type III or IV advanced gastric cancer of poorly differentiated or signet-ring cell histopathology, which increased the tendency for distant metastasis and poor prognosis[4,10,11]. Similar to the results of a previous study, LMC patients presented with an advanced stage and Bormann type III or IV advanced gastric cancer of poorly differentiated or signet-ring cell histopathology.

LMC is an ultimately fatal disease[12-15]. A minority of patients, usually those with breast cancer or lymphoid malignancies, may achieve disease-free survival of a year or more, however, the median OS for patients with LMC is only 4-6 wk if untreated and 2-4 mo with therapy[6,12,15]. In our study, the median survival duration was just 6.7 wk. Although LMC patients tend to have a poor performance status, approximately two-thirds of patients who receive IT chemotherapy and 47.2% patients who responded to therapy achieved longer survival duration. The independent prognostic factor for survival was cytologic negative conversion by IT chemotherapy. Although the small sample size and inherent selection bias of the retrospective design of this study makes any conclusions regarding the outcomes of treatment somewhat difficult, the findings of our study indicate that cytologic negative conversion by IT chemotherapy may improve survival by arresting neurologic progression in selected patients.

MTx remains the most frequently utilized drug for IT administration, despite its limited success and serious complications[16,17]. Combination IT chemotherapy with MTx, arabinoside and hydrocortisone has been reported to be more effective than MTx alone in solid tumor LMC[18]. However, approximately 10% of gastric cancer patients were enrolled in this study, and the efficacy of arabinoside against gastric cancer is questionable.

Craniospinal irradiation may be a one-treatment modality. However, the additional or sequential role of radiation has been controversial[19]. In our study, additional effects of radiotherapy were not observed. As response to radiation is associated with the sensitivity or resistance of primary tumors and malignant cells circulating in the CSF space, radiation is occasionally not feasible for palliative treatment.

Systemic chemotherapy was also administered to a limited number of patients who had better performance status[6,15,20]. In our study, patients who were treated with systemic chemotherapy showed the best median OS duration (21.6 wk, 95% CI: 3.2-40 wk). However, all the treatments were administered sequentially after IT chemotherapy and the patients responded to treatment.

COMMENTS
Background

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) occurs in approximately 5% of cancer patients. The most common cancers involving the leptomeninges are breast and lung cancer. However, gastric adenocarcinoma has been infrequently reported in conjunction with LMC. This retrospective analysis was performed to identify the clinical features and outcomes of infrequently reported LMC of gastric cancer.

Research frontiers

This is the first large scale study on gastric LMC. LMC is a rare component in the clinical manifestation of gastric cancer. LMC usually presents at a relatively young age, at an advanced stage, and is of a poorly differentiated pathologic type.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Although gastric LMC had a fatal clinical course, the findings of our study suggest that cytologic negative conversion by intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy may improve survival by arresting neurologic progression in selected patients.

Applications

These results could provide basic clinical data on gastric LMC for physicians and demonstrate the role of IT chemotherapy.

Terminology

Leptomeninges (literally thin meninges) is a term referring to the pia mater and arachnoid mater. LMC is a condition in which a tumor diffusely spreads to the leptomeninges. Intrathecal chemotherapy involves anticancer drugs injected into the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.

Peer review

The results are interesting and suggest that cytologic negative conversion by IT chemotherapy may improve survival by arresting neurologic progression in selected patients.

Footnotes

Peer reviewers: Gerardo Rosati, MD, Medical Oncology Unit, “S. Carlo” Hospita, Via Potito Petrone, 1, Potenza 85100, Italy; Cuneyt Kayaalp, MD, Professor, Department of General Surgery, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University, Malatya 44315, Turkey

S- Editor Tian L L- Editor Webster JR E- Editor Zheng XM

References
1.  Pentheroudakis G, Pavlidis N. Management of leptomeningeal malignancy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6:1115-1125.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
2.  Grossman SA, Krabak MJ. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Cancer Treat Rev. 1999;25:103-119.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
3.  Wasserstrom WR, Glass JP, Posner JB. Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients. Cancer. 1982;49:759-772.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
4.  Kim M. Intracranial involvement by metastatic advanced gastric carcinoma. J Neurooncol. 1999;43:59-62.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
5.  Shin HR, Jung KW, Won YJ, Kong HJ, Yim SH, Sung J, Seo SW, Kim KY, Lee SY, Kong IS. National cancer incidence for the year 2002 in Korea. Cancer Res Treat. 2007;39:139-149.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
6.  Bruno MK, Raizer J. Leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors (meningeal carcinomatosis). Cancer Treat Res. 2005;125:31-52.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
7.  Lee JL, Kang YK, Kim TW, Chang HM, Lee GW, Ryu MH, Kim E, Oh SJ, Lee JH, Kim SB. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in gastric cancer. J Neurooncol. 2004;66:167-174.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
8.  Kasakura Y, Fujii M, Mochizuki F, Suzuki T, Takahashi T. Clinicopathological study of brain metastasis in gastric cancer patients. Surg Today. 2000;30:485-490.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
9.  York JE, Stringer J, Ajani JA, Wildrick DM, Gokaslan ZL. Gastric cancer and metastasis to the brain. Ann Surg Oncol. 1999;6:771-776.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
10.  Noguchi Y. Blood vessel invasion in gastric carcinoma. Surgery. 1990;107:140-148.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
11.  Adachi Y, Mori M, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. Poorly differentiated medullary carcinoma of the stomach. Cancer. 1992;70:1462-1466.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
12.  DeAngelis LM, Boutros D. Leptomeningeal metastasis. Cancer Invest. 2005;23:145-154.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
13.  DeAngelis LM. Current diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis. J Neurooncol. 1998;38:245-252.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
14.  Grant R, Naylor B, Greenberg HS, Junck L. Clinical outcome in aggressively treated meningeal carcinomatosis. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:457-461.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
15.  Chowdhary S, Chamberlain M. Leptomeningeal metastases: current concepts and management guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2005;3:693-703.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
16.  Aiello-Laws L, Rutledge DN. Management of adult patients receiving intraventricular chemotherapy for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008;12:429-435.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
17.  Bleyer WA, Drake JC, Chabner BA. Neurotoxicity and elevated cerebrospinal-fluid methotrexate concentration in meningeal leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1973;289:770-773.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
18.  Kim DY, Lee KW, Yun T, Park SR, Jung JY, Kim DW, Kim TY, Heo DS, Bang YJ, Kim NK. Comparison of intrathecal chemotherapy for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis of a solid tumor: methotrexate alone versus methotrexate in combination with cytosine arabinoside and hydrocortisone. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2003;33:608-612.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
19.  Mehta M, Bradley K. Radiation therapy for leptomeningeal cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 2005;125:147-158.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]
20.  Taillibert S, Hildebrand J. Treatment of central nervous system metastases: parenchymal, epidural, and leptomeningeal. Curr Opin Oncol. 2006;18:637-643.  [PubMed]  [DOI]  [Cited in This Article: ]